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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
functional units of the nervous system in both the CNS & PNS. produce neurotransmitters glutamate and acetylcholine.
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neurons
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glial cells which act as stromal cells of the nervous system and react to CNS injury; form blood/brain barrier; clean up neurotransmitters.
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astrocytes
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glial cells which function as CNS macrophages; originate from marrow; clean-up
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microglia
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specialized ciliated glial cells which line the ventricular cavities and central canal of the spinal cord; ventricular brain barrier
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ependyma
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glial cells which form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers of the CNS early in fetal life; necessary to maintain its integrity throughout life but cannot replace destroyed myelin
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oligodendroglia
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cells form and maintain the myelin sheaths around peripheral nerve axons; can regenerate mylein sheaths around the PN axons.
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schwann cells
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general reactions to injury include:
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cerebral edema which in turn may increase intracranial pressure (CSF pressure > 200mm H20)
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occurs when the volume of material (fluid, blood, tissue, etc.) within the cranium exceeds its physical capacity
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increased intracranial pressure
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clinical presentation of increased intracranial pressure
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usually intermittent headache, mental slowness, confusion, and papilledema
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complications of increased intracranial pressure
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herniation of the brain; can cause instant death
subfalcine herniations--falx cerebri uncal herniations--tenorium cerebelli tonsillar herniations--foramen magnum |
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reabsorbs CSF into the venous circulation
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arachnoid granulations
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hydrocephalus results due to:
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obstruction of CSF flow, an increase in CSF production, or a decrease in reabsorption
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if hydrocephalus occurs before the cranial bones fuse in infancy, this is the result
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enlargement of the head
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acute hydrocephalus will cause symptoms related to:
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increased intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting, mental slowness, confusion, papilledema)
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clinical presentation of slowly progressive hydrocephalus
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may not show elevated CSF pressures; progressive dementia, gait disturbances, incontinence
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relates to compensatory ventricular dilation secondary to brain atrophy
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hydrocephalus ex-vacuo
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this type of fracture due to trauma may tear vessels and the dura and contuse or lacerate underlying brain tissue
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depressed fracture of the skull
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this type of fracture due to trauma may communicate with the sinuses or middle ear and result in leakage of CSF and increased risk of meningitis and intracranial infections
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fracture of the base of the skull
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clinical diagnosis characterized by transient loss of consciousness with retrograde and anterograde amnesia
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concussion
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are usually superficial areas of necrosis of the cortex resulting from crushing of CNS tissue by blunt force
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coup lesions (contusion)
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brain is set in motion, it will strike the inside of the skull opposite the point of original contact and may produce this which is more extensive than coup lesions
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contrecoup lesions
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contusions which can act as foci of seizure activity are most often seen where?
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on the inferior surface of frontal lobes, anterior tip of temporal lobes, and occipital poles
**seizure activity especially in the temporal lobes |
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hemorrhage into the potential space btwn the skull and dura mater and leptomeninges; usually associated with blunt trauma but without overlying skull fracture
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subdural hemorrhage
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this type of hemorrhage becomes clinically apparent within a few days after the trauma and are manifested by fluctuating levels of consciousness and signs related to brain herniation
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acute subdural hemorrhage
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this type of hemorrhage becomes clinically apparent weeks or months after often otherwise insignificant head trauma and are manifested by slowly developing confusion and inattention which may progress to signs and overt herniation
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chronic subdural hemorrhage
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refers to bleeding into the space btwn the brain and the leptomeninges; blood is identified in the CSF; trauma is the most common cause but other conditions can lead to this
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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