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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does deoxygenated fetal blood enter the placenta?
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umbilical (chorionic) arteries
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Spontaneous abortion occurs before what week of pregnancy?
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before 20 weeks, but most occur before 12 weeks
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Most common ectopic pregnancy location?
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fallopian tube ampulla
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Most important predisposing condition for ectopic pregnancy?
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previous pelvic inflammatory disease
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What is hematosalpinx?
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blood in the fallopian tubes; caused by ectopic (tubal) pregnancy usually
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When does abdominal pain begin with ectopic pregnancy?
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~6 weeks after previous normal menstrual period
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Why is tubal rupture in an ectopic pregnancy a medical emergency?
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intraperitoneal or pelvic hemorrhage can lead to shock
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How do we get dizygotic (fraternal) twins?
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fertilization of 2 different ova
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How do we get monozygotic (identical) twins?
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fertilization of one ovum that divides
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3 types of twin placentas
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dichorionic diamniotic (2 separate amniotic cavities), diamnionic monochorionic (2 amniotic cavities with one placenta), monoamnionic monochorionic (1 placenta and 1 amniotic cavity)
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What is placenta previa?
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placenta implants in the lower cervix/lower uterus. must deliver C-section to avoid placenta rupture/hemorrhage during labor
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What is placenta accreta?
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placenta attached directly to myometrium. failure of placenta to detached after labor
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Most common type of placental infection?
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bacterial ascending infections
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Vasculitis of the fetus is a common symptoms with what placental disorder?
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ascending bacterial infection
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3 most common presentations with pre-eclampsia
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hypertension, edema and proteinuria during pregnancy
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Difference between eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
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eclampsia has seizures with it and is more serious
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Major cause of pre-eclampsia
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placental dysfunction leading to endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, high vascular permeability
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How do abnormal placental vessels lead to hypertension in pre-eclampsia?
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failure of the spiral arteries to become large utero-placental vessels during vascular remodeling during pregnancy
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In pre-eclampsia, there are high levels of _____ that decrease angiogenesis, leading to defective placental vascularization.
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SFlt1, this is an anti-angiogenic factor
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How does sFlt1 inhibit angiogenesis?
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acts as a decoy VEGF receptor. binds VEGF and elicits no response, but takes it out of circulation
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Women with pre-eclampsia have high coagulability due to (high or low) levels of PGI2?
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high levels of prostacyclin
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Pre-eclampsia mostly starts after what week of gestation?
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34
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Major treatment for pre-eclampsia
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deliver the baby; antihypertensive medications do not help
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What is a hyatidiform mole?
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swelling of the chorionic villi with trophoblast proliferation
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How do we form a complete mole?
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fertilization of an empty ovum
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In a complete mole, the genetic material is from which parent?
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father. the complete mole is formed by sperm fertilizing an empty egg so there is no genetic material in the mole from the mother
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Partial moles have what genetic make-up?
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triploidy
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How are partial moles formed?
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Fertilization of an egg with 2 sperm = triploid
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In a hyatidiform mole, the female patient will have (high or low) levels of b-Hcg?
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higher. if it is a complete mole, the levels will be even higher than seen in pregnancy
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How are moles treated?
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removed with curettage
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What is an invasive mole?
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a mole that penetrates the uterine wall
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Treatment for an invasive mole
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radiation/chemo + hysterectomy (if uterine rupture)
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What is choriocarcinoma?
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malignant neoplasm of trophoblast cells from previous pregnancy
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Which presents with higher levels of b-Hcg in the patient? Complete Hyatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma?
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choriocarcinoma
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Chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma is very effective in (gestational or nongestational) choriocarcinoma?
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gestational choriocarcinoma is very readily treated (100% remission).
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Which gestational trophoblastic disease is seen after a previous pregnancy?
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choriocarcinoma
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