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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What structures make up the upper aerodigestive tract?
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- oral cavity
- nasal cavity - paranasal sinuses - pharynx - larynx |
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what is the cause of acute infectious rhinitis or coryza?
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viruses specifically adenovirus, echovirus, and rhinovirus
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what are the clinical manifestations of coryza?
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- inflammation
- edema (congestion) - rhinorrhea (nasal discharge) |
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what is the cause of chronic infectious rhinitis?
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a bacterial superinfection on top of coryza. these bacteria are usually part of the normal flora
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what is empyema? when could you possibly see it?
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- it is an accumulation of pus
- you could possibly see it as a complication to chronic infectious rhinitis |
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what type of hypersensitivity is involved in allergic rhinitis?
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type I hypersensitivity; exposure to an allergen causes IgE to be made by plasma cells. subsequent exposure causes IgE mediated eosinophil degranulation
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what are nasal polyps?
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these are permanent swellings of the nasal mucosa
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name 2 types of nasal polyps?
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- atopic or allergic polyps
- nonatopic or inflammatory polyps |
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what is the make up of a nasal polyp?
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- respiratory epithelium surrounding edema and eosinophils
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what is the most likely cause of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis?
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aspergillus
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T or F: allergic fungal rhinosinusitis is non-invasive proliferation of a fungus.
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true; there is little or no invasion into the tissue
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you look at a specimen under the microscope from a patient with an upper airway problems. you can see branching organisms, eosinophils, and Curschmann spirals. what is the most likely diagnosis?
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allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
eosinophils + Curschmann spirals = allergic mucin, which is seen in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis |
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what are 2 predisposing factors for developing invasive fungal rhinosinusitis?
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- diabetic ketoacidosis
- immunosuppression |
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what is the most common organism involved in invasive fungal rhinosinusitis?
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mucormycosis
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what is the triad for Wegener's granulomatosis?
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ELK
- ENT - Lungs - Kidneys |
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what is angiocentric NK/T cell lymphoma?
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an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is associated with EBV
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a patient is found to have necrotizing granulomas in the nasal passages, lungs, kidneys, and ear canals and vasculitis. what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Wegeners granulomatosis
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what is lethal midline granuloma (also called polymorphic reticulosis)?
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this is a syndrome when the center of the face becomes necrotic
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what are the causes of lethal midline granuloma?
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- invasive fungal rhinosinusitis
- wegener's granulomatosis - angiocentric NK/T cell lymphoma (most common) |
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what is the most common cause of pharyngitis/tonsilitis?
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viruses; echovirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, EBV
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a patient comes in complaining of a sore throat. physical exam shows a purulent exudate on the tonsils. what is the most likely diagnosis? are there any major complication you may worry about?
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- bacterial pharyngitis/tonsilits
- if it is beta hemolytic streptococci causing the infection it could develop into rheumatic fever and a type of glomerulonephritis |
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a patient comes in complaining of a sore throat. physical exam shows enlarged, injected tonsils without any exudate. what is the most likely diagnosis? are there any complications you should worry about?
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- viral tonsilitis
- adenotonsilar hyperplasia which can lead to airway obstruction |
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who gets nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?
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males between the ages of 10-25
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where are the most common locations for nasopharyngeal angiofibromas?
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posterior and lateral wall of the nasopharynx
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what is the major complication associated with nasopharyngeal angiofibromas?
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the blood vessels lack a smooth muscle wall so hemorrhage is a major complication. if the blood vessels rupture they bleed a lot and are hard to stop. this is an especially big concern during surgery to remove them
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what is the cause of sinonasal papillomas?
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HPV type 6 and 11
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how would a olfactory neuroblastoma look under the microscope?
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these are small, round, blue cell tumors
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T or F: the most common cause of death from olfactory neuroblastoma is invasion into the brain.
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true
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