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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the cell types of the epidermis |
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum |
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What are the key things we need to remember for the skin? |
Skin form different anatomical sites has different features Different spp have different types of hair follicles Adnexae are glands/hair follicles The hair cycle - some diseases affect this |
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What are the phases of the hair cycle |
through anagen, catagen and telogen |
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What does the dermis contain |
Lymphatics BV Adnexae |
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What does the subcutis contain |
Fatty tissue |
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Why take a biopsy? |
Inflammatory skin disease or neoplasia Identify/confirm/diagnose condition Suitable theraputic and prognosis/excise if tumour |
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How do we get good results from a biopsy |
Provide a good history Good quality biopsy |
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How do we get a good biopsy |
Remove from any treatment 2-3w prior if possuble dont surgically prepare clip hair gently subcut LA take full thickness biopsy be careful with handling tissue take lesions at different stages if possible Fix in formalin Take note of hair direction for the pathologist prior to fixing Take central biopsy and one at the edge of the lesion - transition if possible
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Acantholysis |
Loss of cohesion between epidermal cells |
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Acathosis |
Increased thickness of the stratum spinosum specifically Thickening of non cornified cells accompanied by rete peg formation |
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Rete peg - cores or peg like formations of the hyperplastic epidermis projecting towards the dermis |
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Acantholysis during pemphigus foliaceous |
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Layers of the epidermis |
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Bulla |
Fluid filled cavity Circumscribed either within or beneath the epidermis greater than 0.5cm diameter |
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Crust |
Surface accumulation of keratin, serum and cellular debris (pynknosis +/- bacteria) |
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furunculosis |
Penetrating or perforating folliculitis resulting in hair follicle rupture |
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Furunculosis |
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Folliculitis |
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Folliculitis |
Inflammation of the hair follicle |
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Glabrous skin |
Non hairy areas of skin |
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Hydropic degeneration |
Intracellular oedema leading to vaculoated cytoplasm |
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Hyperkeratosis |
thickening of stratum corneum |
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Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis |
Thickened layer of keratin with normal cells |
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Parakeratosis |
nuclei of keratinocytes are retained |
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Hyperpigmentaion |
Excessive melanin deposition |
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Lichenoid bamd |
Band of inflammatory cells just below epidermis |
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Pustule |
Space filled with proteinaceous fluid and inflammatory cells - neutrophils and acantholytic cells In or just below the surface |
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Pigmentatry incontincence |
Leakage of melanin granules from pigmented basal layer of epidermis into the underlying dermis Melanin often seen in macrophages in that zone |
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Melanophagy |
Ingestion of melanin by macrophages |
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Seborrhoea |
Abnormal flow of sebum Altered keratin producing syndromes - dandruf to pruritic inflammation with scaling and crusting
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Spongiosus |
intercellular oedema leading to separation of cells or sponge like appearence histologically |
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Vesicle |
Similar to bulla but less than 0.5cm diameter |
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Examples of diseases causing perivascular dermatitis |
Hypersensitivity response to ectoparasites, bacterial infections |
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What is interface dermatitis |
Lesion targets the upper level of the dermis /dermo - epidermal junction/ lower layers of the epidermis Hydropic degeneration of the stratum basale and progress to apoptosis Interface dermatitis can be cell poor or cell rich |
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What causes interface dermatitis |
Discoid and systemic lupus erythematosis and erythema multiformis |
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What causes vasuclitis |
reaction against blood vessels damage to vessel wall - vasculitis -> toxins, DIC, infection necrosis and infarction |
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diffuse dermatitis |
effacement of the normal dermal archectecture |
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What processes are neutrophils involved in? |
abscesses/cellulitis |
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what processes are macrophages involved in |
Mycobacterial infections leishmaniasis foregn body reaction |
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What causes pyogranulomatous dermatitis |
Fungal infections |
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What are eosinophils involved |
Eosinophillic granuloma complex |
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What What causes intraepidermal vesicular dermititis/pustular dermititis - Neutrophil dominated reaction |
Superficial bacterial infection Pemphigus foliaceous |
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What What causes intraepidermal vesicular dermititis/pustular dermititis - Eosinophil dominated reaction |
Parasitic disease Allergy |
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Pemphigus foliaceous |
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Pemphigus vulgaris - tombstone sign |
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What What causes intraepidermal vesicular dermititis/pustular dermititis - Minimal inflammatio |
Pemphigus vulgaris |
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What are the pemphigus diseases |
Autoimmune disease leading to an immune response against cell juctions at stratum basale/spinosum (vulgaris) Or stratum spinosum (foliaceous) |
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What is the cause of subepidermal vesicular dermatitis |
Bullous Pemphigoid Top of the bulla/vesicel contains entire epidermis as separation occurs at the BM |
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What can cause furunculosis or folliculitis |
Staph infections Demodicosis Dermatophytosis |
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Sebaceous adenitis |
sebaceous glands are targeted, in chronic cases they may be absent |
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Panniculitis |
Subcut adipose involved in inflammation Fungal infections Foreign body infections Vaccine reactions |
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Atrophic dermatosis |
Atrophy of hair follicles and adnexal structures Can also affect dermis and epidermis Hair cycle abnormalities, dysplasia |
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What are the typical features associated with endocrinopathies |
Follicular atrophy Sebaeceous atrophy Diffuse orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis secondary bacterial infection |
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Pork measles - cysticercus cellulosae |