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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are characteristics of Trisomy 13 (Patau's)?
small eyes
colombas
cataracts
persistance of embryonic vasculature
retinal dysplasia
What are characteristics of Trisomy 21 (Down's)
hypertelorism
oblique palprebral fissures
epicanthal folds
Brushfield spots on iris
keratoconus
retinal dysplasia
When does congenital rubella syndrome usually occur?
when the mother contracts it in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
What are some characterisitics of congenital rubella syndrome?
cataract
glaucoma
iris abnormalities
retinopathy--salt and pepper retina, atrophy, and hypertrophy
What is the characteristic symptom of congenital syphilis?
interstitial keratitis (inflammation of the cornea)
When is a fetus most vulnerable to serious malformations?
The 8th week--the eyes, heart, and ears are all forming.
What is thyroid opthalopathy?
Grave's disease
autoimmune
the orbit's tissues proliferate and fibroblasts also grow in between the muscle fibers
What are causes of inflammation in the eye?
Fungal (common in diabetics, the fungus enters the mucoid and gets into the eye) and bacterial from sinuses.

Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor (swelling usually due to inflammation).

Tumors--neoplasms, malignancies, and lymphoma
What are the two inflammatory diseases of the eyelids? DESCRIBE THEM TOO!
Blepharitis (infecting sebaecous glands)

Hordeolum (sty)--suppurative inflamm of the gland of Zeis or Moll (external) or of Meibomian gland (internal). The Meibomian gland is located under the muscle, against the conjunctival mucosa.
What is a calazion?
A chronic granuloma of the eyelid due to infection and obstruction of a Meibomian gland or its duct. The immune system fights off all of the extra subacieous fluid.
What is dacryocystitis?
inflammation of the lacrimal sac but no pus exudate. Usually the cause is bacterial or viral and is easily treated.
What type of cells makes up the conjuctiva?
Stratified squamous
What are the conjuctival disorders?
Pinguecula
Pterygium
Squamous cell carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma
What is pinguecula?
A thickening of elastic tissue on the nasal conjuctiva. It is benign and related to sun damage.
What is pterygium?
Tissue growing onto the nasal cornea.
What are some organisms responsible for conjunctivitis?

What are the 2 kinds of conjunctivitis?
moraxella, hemophilus
(Koch-Weeks bacillus), cornyebacterium, staph, strep, pneumococcus, gonococci, or virus. Viruses are the most common cause.

Ocular and palpebral
How is conjunctivitis prevented in newborns?
Giving penicilin or silver nitrate eye drops at birth to kill any Neissera gonnahrea (this organism can cause blindness).
What is trachoma?
Comes from the bacterium, chlamydia tracomatis.

An infection of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium. The chronic scarring can cause blindness.
Trachoma:
Histo appearance?
Bowman bodies
Describe the corneal microarchitecture.
Top to bottom:
epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, descement membrane, and corneal epithelium. The corneal epithelium faces the anterior chamber and is made up of cuboidal cells.
What is keratitis?
Inflammation of the cornea, some ulcers.
What are some causes of keratitis?
Herpes simplex--dendritic ulcers. In this case, do not give steroids. They could destroy the cornea.

TB or congenital syphilis--acute purulent keratitis
Corneal degeneration and dystrophy:
Histo appearance?
band keratopathy, keratoconus (structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than its normal gradual curve), Fuch's endothelial dystrophy at the descement membrane (a thin layer of fluid on the central cornea). White areas are visible. These are filling with water.
What are some inflammations of the inner eye?

What could these inflamm cause?
iritis, iridocyclitis, uveitis (an inflammation of the inner layers of the middle eye), chorioditis, and chorioretinitis.

synechiae (fibrous adhesions that inferfere with the flow of the anterior chamber) and glaucoma (increased pressure of the anterior chamber).
What is endophthalmitis?
inflammation of the vitreous, retina, and uveal tracts.
What is panophlthalmitis?
inflammation of the entire eye. Mostly occurs secondary to a penetrating wound.
What is phthisis?
A hard blind eye (calcified fibrosis). This is the end stage of severe infection (such as TB). Mostly from penetrating wounds.
Where can uveitis occur?
iris, choriod, pupil
What are causes of granulomatous uveitis?
TB or fungi
sarcoidosis
sympathetic opthalmia--an autoimmune reaction against the eye.
Which cells can cause non-granulomatous uveitis?
lymphocytes and plasma cells
Describe sympathetic opthalmia.
Leads to blindness in both eyes, occurs from penetrating injuries to one eye. The uveitis then spreads to the other eye in ~2 weeks. Steroids are used, to try and preserve the first eye, rather than plucking it out.

This occurs by autosensitivity to an antigen shared by uveal melanocytes, retinal pigment epithelium, and neural retinal cells.
What are common causes of cataracts?
diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, toxins, drugs and radiation.

Uveitis, neoplasms, glaucoma, retinitis, and pigmentosa can be further complicated by cataracts.
What are senile cataracts?
Associated with aging, clefts appear between lens fibers and degenerted lens material accululates. The material escapes into the aqueous humor and is engulfed by macrophages. The material exerts osmotic pressure, bring water in, and causes swelling. This can obstruct the pupil and cause glaucoma because of its interference with aqueous outflow.
What is glaucoma?
elevated intraocular pressure causing optic nerve damage. Can also be definid as a congenital or acquired lesion of the anterior segment that mechanically obstruct aqueous drainage.
What is the normal flow of aqueous fluid?
The ciliary body is producing it at 2 microliters/hr.

Goes to the posterior chamber.

Flows through the pupil to the anterior chamber.

Drains into retinal veins via trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's channel.

A balance keeps the pressure at 10-20 mmHg.
What is the difference between primary and secondary glaucoma?
Primary--no apparant underlying eye disease
Secondary--followed an ocular disease
What are the 4 types of glaucoma?
Angle-closure
Open-angle
Congenital/juvenille glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma
What are the characteristics of primary open-angle glacoma?
1-3% of the population over 40
1.5% of the black population
A progressive loss of the visual field (peripheral areas first) and increased pressure because there is resistance to outflow. Optic nerve atrophy occurs.
What are characteristics of primary angle-closure glaucoma?
Small eyes, farsightedness (hyperopic), a narrow anterior chamber angle. When the pupil is constricted (miotic) the angle is okay. But if dilated (mydriasis), the iris become thicker and obstructs the anterior chamber. Results in ocular pain and halos around lights.
What are characteristics of secondary open-angle glaucoma?
Acute iridocyclitis (Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body) and blocks in the meshwork.
What are characteristics of secondary closed-angle glaucoma?
pupillary block in the the iritis and Iris Bombe (where the iris is stuck to the lens).
Describe retinoblastoma
Small dark cells in the posterior retina, invades along the optic area.
White pupil (leukocoria), squinting, poor vision.
Occurs in children in the first two years. 6-8% of cases are inherited. Rb tumor suppresor gene is at 13q14.
How can retinoblastoma travel to the CNS?
Mostly involves a neoplasm in the vitrous body. This lies on the optic nerve and the optic nerve is part of the brain. The tumor can travel with CSF.
Retinoblastoma:
Histo appearance?
Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes (true lumen) and Homer-Wright rosettes (no lumen)
What are characteristics of melanoma?
choroidal
10-40% metastasis
spindle A&B types have a good prognosis. Epithelial types have a poor prognosis. Presents as a one eyed jaundiced patient.
What are some characteristics of retrolental fibroplasia?
A rise in oxygen, close terminal arterioles, vaso-obliteration, vaso-proliferation, grows into the vitreous body, gliosis, retinal detachment, leukocoria.
What are some characterisitcs of retinitis pigmentosa?
recessive, early onset--causes blindness by 50-60 years old. The rods and cones disappear and the fundus is a slate gray.
What are some characteristics of macular degeneration?
It is the most common cause of decreased vision in the elderly.

An absence of retinal vessels so now there is a dependence of the foveola on the choroidal circulation.

The Drusen form is characterized by the Bruch membrane thickening. New blood vessels grow into the Bruch membrane area, causing edema, fibrosis, and scarring.
What is the macula?
An area of high density of photoreceptors and a high ganglion cell ratio.
What are some causes of macular degeneration?
genetic, ultraviolet irradiation, drugs or nutritional.
What is rhegmatogenous detachment?
A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs due to a break in the retina that allows fluid to pass from the vitreous space into the subretinal space between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium.
What is non-Rhegmatogenous detachment?
Retinal detachment that is not caused by a retinal hole or tear, but occurs as a final stage of such pathologic conditions as retinopathy of prematurity or diabetic retinopathy.
What is myopia?
When the eyeball is long, light focuses in front of the retina, nearsighted
What is hyperopia?
When the eyeball is short and round. The light focuses behind the retina, farsighted. A predisposition to glaucoma.
What is the most common intraorbital tumor in adults?
Melanoma