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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 gross morphology of neoplasms?
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exophytic
endophytic infiltrating necrosis |
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what is the histopathology of neoplasms?
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nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
hyperchromasia consistency of chromatin nucleus (# and size) cell-size variation cells-orientation to one another mitosis |
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how do malignant neoplasms spread?
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local infiltration
microinvasion gross invasion metastasis |
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what is local infiltration?
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avoid certain structures
intraepithelial (single cells like paget's dz and ovarian cancer |
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what is microinvasion?
what is gorss invasion? |
when can't see satellite/new/visible location
visible spreading |
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what is metastasis?
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local- in one area/surrounding tissue
distant- spread through blood or lymph node |
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what are the routes of metastasis
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seeding
iatrogenic transplantation via lymphatics via blood vessels |
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what are the most common sites of metastasis?
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lymph nodes
liver lung brain bone |
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what are the primary sites of carcinomas that commonly go to the bone?
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breast
prostate kidney thyroid lung |
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what do renal cell carcinomas destroy?
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bone-osteolytic
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what do prostatic carcinomas initiate?
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new bone formation-osteoblastic
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what is angiogenesis?
requirements? |
neoplasms stimulate the growth of host blood vessels
essential for neoplasms to grow beyond 1-2mm D (or thickness) essential for metastasis to occur tumors may exist of months or years w/o growth (when angiogenic switch occurs they grow) |
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what happens in neoplastic angiogenesis?
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pro-angiogenic factors secreted by neoplasms (*VEGF, bFGF)
new endothelia also produce IGF and PDGF thrombospondin-1 is an anti-angiogenic factors secreted by neoplasms |
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in angiogenesis, what are the tumor derived vessels?
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tortuous
irregularly shaped "leaky" may grow continuously |
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what is the greatest cancer killer in females worldwide?
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cervical cancer
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what is the greatest cancer killer in males worldwide?
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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what are the top 3 incidences of malignant neoplasms in the U.S.?
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prostate/breast
lungs colon/rectum |
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what are the top 3 causes of cancer deaths in:
females? males? |
lung
breast colon/rectum lung prostate/rectum |
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what are the 4 types of gross morphology of neoplasms?
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exophytic (protruding mass)
endophytic (sunken in) infiltrating (diffusely expands organ) necrosis (death w/in a neoplasm) |
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what is the histopathology of neoplasms?
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nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
hyperchromasia consistency of chromatin nucleus # nucleus size cell-size variation cells-orientation to one another mitosis |
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how do malignant neoplasms spread?
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local infiltration (by avoiding certain structures and intraepithelial)
carcinoma in situ microinvasion gross invasion metastasis (local and distant) |
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what are the routes of metastasis?
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seeding
iatrogenic transplantation via lymphatics via blood |
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what are the most common sites of metastasis?
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lymph nodes
liver kidney bone lung brain |
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what are the 7 fundamental changes?
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self sufficiency in growth signals
insufficiency in growth-inhibiting signals evasion of apoptosis, inactivation of p53 limitless replicative potential sustained angiogenesis ability to invade and metastasize defects in DNA repair |
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what is angiogenesis?
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neoplasms stimulate the growth of host blood vessels
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what are the 3 components of neoplastic angiogenesis? the two pro-angiogenic factors?
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neoplasms secrete proangiogenic factors (VEGF and bFGF)
new endothelia also produce IGF and PDGF anti-angiogenic factors secreted by neoplasms (thrombospondin-1) |
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what are the tumor-derived vessels in angiogenesis?
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tortuous
irregularly shaped "leaky" may grow continuously |
