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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the tissue change:
Abnormal transformation of an adult, fully differentiated tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind. |
Metaplasia
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Name the tissue change:
Abnormal tissue change which is less differentiated. |
Dysplasia
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Name the tissue change:
Total loss of differentiation as might occasionally be seen in malignant neoplasms. |
Anaplasia
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True/False.
Anaplasia is ALWAYS cancer. |
TRUE!
Well, it is complete loss of differentiation... |
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Neoplasm = _____
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Neoplasm = TUMOR
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Is this neoplasm Benign or Malignant?
– Well differentiated, round – Encapsulated – Slow growing |
Benign
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Is this neoplasm Benign or Malignant?
– Never metastasize (almost never!) – Can compress structures and secrete hormones |
Benign
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Is this neoplasm Benign or Malignant?
– Grow rapidly – Locally invade – Have the ability to metastasize |
Malignant
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Is this neoplasm Benign or Malignant?
– Cauliflower, ulcer or expansive morphology – Architecture less organized than parent tissue |
Malignant
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____ tumor cells are similar to normal histology
_____ tumor cells do not resemble normal structures. |
BENIGN tumor cells are similar to normal histology
ANAPLASTIC (MALIGNANT) tumor cells do not resemble normal structures. |
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How many doublings does a single tumor cell undergo to reach the smallest clinically detected mass?
How many doublings to reach the max mass compatible with life? |
30 doublings to reach smallest clinically detectable mass.
10 doublings to reach the max mass compatible with life. |
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Describe a high grade neoplasm. Who would determine the grade of a neoplasm?
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A pathologist. High grade neoplasms are poorly differentiated with a larger nucleus and less cytoplasm. They are more dangerous.
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Define stage. Who determines the stage of a neoplasm?
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Stage is the degree of growth and spread of a neoplasm. This is determined by a clinician who is looking for:
1. Spread to regional lymph nodes, local tissues and BV to distant sites 2. Size of tumor 3. Extent of local invasion 4. Presence of metastasis |
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In 2003, what were the most common malignant neoplasms in the US for men and women?
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Prostate and breast
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Worldwide cancer trends:
Which cancer kills the most women in the world? The most men? |
These are questionable statistics!
Women: cervical cancer Men:Hepatocellular carcinoma |
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In 2003, what cancer caused the greatest deaths in US men and women?
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Lung
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Stomach cancer in men has dropped since the 1930s, but _____ cancer has risen dramatically.
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Lung and bronchus
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_______ is the protruding appearance of organ or tissue.
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Exophytic- protruding appearance of organ or tissue
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______ describes the appearance of tissue that is sunken due to neoplasm-caused erosion or atrophy.
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ENDOPHYTIC describes the appearance of tissue that is sunken due to neoplasm-caused erosion or atrophy.
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______is when the whole organ gradually increases in size as a mass.
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INFILTRATING- whole organ gradually increases in size as a mass
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______is when the genetic material, chromatin shows prominently as a dark stain.
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Hyperchromasia
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Is a low grade neoplasm well or poorly differentiated?
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Low grade = well differentiated
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Is a high grade neoplasm well or poorly differentiated?
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High grade = poorly differentiated
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Who determines the grade of a neoplasm?
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Grade is determined by the PATHOLOGIST (looking at a slide in a lab)
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Details vary in cancer, but in general...
- Grade I is (well/poorly) differentiated - Grade II-IV indicates (increasing/decreasing) differentiation |
- Grade I is very WELL differentiated
- Grade II-IV indicates DECREASING differentiation |
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Who determines the stage of a neoplasm?
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The clinician
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Stage is the degree of growth and spread of neoplasm. What factors are considered when determining differentiation?
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- Size of tumor
- Spread to regional lymph nodes - Extent of local invasion - Presence of metastasis |
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Which stage is in situ?
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Stage 0
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In the TNM staging system, metastasis "M" is assigned a 0, 1 or X. What does each of these stand for?
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0 = no metastasis
1 = metastasis X = Unknown or hasn't been checked |
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These neoplasms are similar to normal histology, encapsulated, slow growing, non-metastasizing and can compress structures and secrete hormones.
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BENIGN
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These neoplasms have a cauliflower, ulcer or expansive morphology. Their architecture is less organized than parent tissue, they grow rapidly, invade locally, have the ability to metastasize and are pleomorphic.
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MALIGNANT
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What is karyolysis?
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Consistency of chromatin-
Karyorhexis: chromatin broken into pieces still visible in microscope Karyolysis:such small pieces, the chromatin is difficult to see |
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What does it (usually) mean if the neoplasia is within the basal layer?
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it usually means the tumor has not metastasized.
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How do malignant neoplasms spread?
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1. Local infiltration without regular border, spread laterally into tissue
2. Avoid certain structures- have adhesion molecules 3. Intraepithelial- Single cells move up to surface ie. Paget disease of the breast- cells move up to skin surface |
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Carcinoma is always in ____ tissue
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epithelial
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Carcinoma _____is a neoplasm w/in bounds of basement membrane.
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in situ
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What are the three main ways that malignant neoplasms spread?
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Microinvasion- there are tumor cells that have spread beyond the mass
Gross invasion- can see edge of mass has gone beyond and into surrounding tissues Metastasis- spread- where tumor has access to blood or lymph to spread |
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What are main routes of metastasis?
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Seeding
Iatrogenic transplantation Blood vessels Lymph |
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What are the most common sites of metastasis?
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Lung, liver, bone and brain. The spread often occurs into tissues that are similar to the originating tissue. Metastasized lung cancer that spreads to the brain will be a lung cell growing in the brain.
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Which carcinomas commonly spread to the bone?
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breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid, lung
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______cell carcinomas tend to be osteolytic, whereas _______carcinomas tend to be
osteoblastic. |
Renal- osteolytic
Prostatic adenocarcinoma- osteoblastic |
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What is the most common type of cancer in the colon?
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ADENOCARCINOMA
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What does "sarc" mean literally? What is a sarcoma?
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"Sarc" means FLESHY.
Sarcoma is malignant neoplasia in CT |
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In this type of neoplasm, an actual mass or tumor may not be found. Give an example
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LIQUID neoplasm
LEUKEMIA or LYMPHOMA |
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What is the ROOT used in naming malignant epithelial neoplasms?
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"CARCIN"
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What is the ROOT used in naming malignant mesenchymal neoplasms?
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"SARC"
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Not all cancers are prone to metastasize. What are the factors that play a role in a cancer spreading?
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The type of cancer
The stage of the cancer Original location of the cancer Metastasis depends on the cancer cells acquiring increased motility and invasiveness. |
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What is the ROOT used in naming benign neoplasms?
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Trick question :)
NO root |
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What is the SUFFIX used with most neoplasms?
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"OMA"
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What does it mean when a neoplasm ends in "-oma" but doesn't have the ROOT "sarco-" or "carcin-" in its name?
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It's probably BENIGN
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What does the prefix "Adeno-" mean?
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GLANDULAR
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What does the prefix "Papillo" mean?
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FINGER-LIKE
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What does the prefix "FIBRO" mean?
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FIBRONS
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What does the prefix "MYXO" mean?
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SLIMELIKE, EC MATRIX
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What does the prefix "CHONDRO" mean?
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CARTILAGE
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What does the prefix "OSTEO" mean?
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BONE
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What does the prefix "LEIOMYO" mean?
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SMOOTH MUSCLE
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What does the prefix "RHABDOMYO" mean?
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SKELETAL
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TRUE or FALSE
Sometimes lymphoma is benign |
FALSE
Lymphoma is ALWAYS malignant (should be called lymphosarcoma) |
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What does the prefix "SCHWANNO" mean?
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SCHWANN CELLS
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What does the prefix "HEMANGIO" mean?
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BLOOD VESSEL
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What does the prefix "LYMPHANGIO" mean?
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LYMPH VESSEL
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What does the prefix "GLOMANGIO" mean?
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VASCULARIZED TISSUE IN FINGERS
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What does the prefix "SYNOVIO" mean?
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SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
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What does the prefix "MESOTHELIO" mean?
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MESOTHELIAL TISSUES
there are 3 types: pericardium, pleura & peritoneum |
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What does the prefix "MENINGO" mean?
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MENINGES
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What does the prefix "LYMPHO" mean?
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LYMPHATIC, WBC's
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What does the prefix "CHORIO" mean?
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PLACENTAL IN ORIGIN
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What does the prefix "PHEOCHROMOCYTO" mean?
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LOTS OF COLORS OF CELLS
example: neuroendocrine cells |
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What does the prefix "MYO" mean?
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MUSCLE (smooth or skeletal)
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What does the prefix "CYSTADENO" mean?
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CYSTIC
cysts have fluid inside vs. tumor is a solid mass |
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What does the prefix "CHOLANGIO" mean?
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Relates to the GALLBLADDER (bile duct cell is the origin of the neoplasm)
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What does "TERATO" mean? Where do they occur? Are they usually benign or malignant?
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"Terato" means MONSTER. They tend to occur in TISSUES with STEM CELLS and don't tend to stick to just one layer. They are often BENIGN.
Dermoid cyst is a type of ovarian teratoma |
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What is the difference between TERATOMA and HAMARTOMA?
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- Teratoma: eptopic (don't belong there);
can be made up of many germ cell layers in one cell - Hamartoma: have only tissues normally present in that organ; almost always a benign neoplasm, |
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What are tissues like in BLASTOMA?
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Tissues are very poorly differentiated (high grade, dangerous);
like stem cells and never benign |
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Name that neoplasm!
Cartilagenous, benign neoplasm |
ENCHONDROMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle. |
LEIOMYOSARCOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
What is the name for a benign melanocyte? |
MELANOMA but this one was misnamed because melanoma is never benign!
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Name that neoplasm!
Malignant, gland-like epithelial cell of the colon |
COLONIC ADENOCARCINOMA
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Name the neoplasm!
Benign neoplasm of lymph vessels |
LYMPHANGIOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Malignant, placental neoplasm. |
CHORIOCARCINOMA
can test for HCG |
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Name that neoplasm!
Very poorly differentiated (high grade, dangerous) neoplasm of nephron tissue |
NEPHROBLASTOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Benign neoplasm of meninges |
MENINGIOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Benign, fingerlike cystic neoplasm of glandular origin |
PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Malignant, epithelial neoplasm that metastasize to this tissue |
METASTATIC CARCINOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Malignant CT (fat) neoplasm |
LIPOSARCOMA
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Name that neoplasm!
Malignant lymphatic (WBC) neoplasm |
LYMPHOMA
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What is the consistency of a SCHIRROUS neoplasm? Where is this common?
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Schirrous neoplasms have a firm, gritty consistency (like an unripe pear).
Common in BREAST cancer |
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What is meant by DESMOPLASTIC neoplasm?
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Neoplasm has the ability to harden the tissues around it
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What is meant by ANAPLASTIC?
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complete DEDIFFERENTIATION
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Where do LOBULAR neoplasms form? What type of cancer is this common in?
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Cancer forms in LOBULAR/GLANDULAR tissue. Common in BREAST cancer.
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DUCTAL refers to neoplasms that form in ducts. In what type of cancer is this common?
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BREAST
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Name the top 3 most malignant neoplasms in US for men.
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1. PROSTATE
2. LUNG 3. COLON |
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Name the top 3 most malignant neoplasms in US for women.
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1. BREAST
2. LUNG 3. COLON |
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Worldwide, what is the greatest cancer killer in females? In males?
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Females = cancer of the cervix
Males = hepatocellular carcinoma |
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What are the top 3 cancers causing death in the US for men?
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1. LUNG
2. COLON/RECTUM 3. PROSTATE |
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What are the top 3 cancers causing death in the US for women?
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1. LUNG
2. BREAST 3. COLON/RECTUM |
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In the 1960's lung cancer began to rise in the female population. Why?
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Females were allowed to smoke
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In the 1930's stomach cancer began to decrease. Why?
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Food was refrigerated after this time
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What is meant by an EXOPHYTIC neoplasm?
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The tissue pushes out creating a protruding appearance of organ/tumor
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What is meant by an ENDOPHYTIC neoplasm?
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Tumor leads to erosion or atrophy of tissue (like a sink hole)
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Define INFILTRATING
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gradual increases in size
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What happens to the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio in neoplasms?
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It INCREASES
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What is it called with the genetic material (chromatin) stains darker?
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HYPERCHROMASIA
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This is the term for dense & chunky chromatin.
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KARYORHEXIS
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This is the term for fine chromatin.
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KARYOLYSIS
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TRUE or FALSE
Neoplasms may be multinucleated |
TRUE
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Desmoplasia refers to local destruction of an organ. T/F
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True!
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Name the four ways a neoplasm may impinge on other tissues.
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Obstruction, infection, infarction, destruction
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Weight loss and wasting of tissue is common with malignant neoplasms. What is this called. What is the etiology?
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Cachexia – dt anorexia or altered metabolism
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Name 2 examples of paraneoplastic syndromes.
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Hyperparathyroid and Cushing's dz
- Effects not related to location, metastasis or normal secretions of a neoplasm. |
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Name the four main diagnostic techniques.
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Biopsy, cytology, autopsy and tumor markers
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____is a form of biopsy performed by cutting into the tumor.
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Incisional. Excisional is removing the entire tumor mass.
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Which tumor marker is for colon cancer? PAS, CEA, AFP, HCG, CA-125 or CA 19-9
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CEA- carcinoma embryonic antigen – fetal substance, but can be found in less well differentiated tumors such as the colon cancer cells
AFP- Alpha fetoprotein, see in testicular and liver cancers- HCG- human chorionic genatitrophin produced by placenta detected in prego test- testicular, uterine and ovarian tumor marker PSA- prostate specific antigen- CA 125- cancer marker for ovarian cancer CA 19-9- elevated in pancreatic cancer |
