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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List some effects of pleomorphism (7):
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Less polarity, Hyperchromatic nuclei, Irregular mitotic figures, increased N/C ratio, Nuclear piling up, Change in function (secretion changes), production of PTH-rP
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What is PTH-rP?
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Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide
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What is the effect of elevated PTH-rP?
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More bone fractures result b/c this hormone causes decalcification.
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What is the hallmark feature of malignant carcinomas?
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They're invasive (metastatic).
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What does anaplasia mean?
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"Without form."
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What two cellular adaptations do you typically observe after physical trauma?
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Hyperplasia & Metaplasia.
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What cellular adaptation will be found usually after mutation?
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Dysplasia
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Carcinoma in situ: how many mutations?
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Just one mutation so far.
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What's the theory called that states that cancer requires at least two mutations to develop?
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Knudsen Two-Hit Theory
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Congenital genetic mutations: need at least ____ mutation(s) to develop carcinoma?
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Congenital + 1 mutation = cancer
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Sporadic genetic mutaions: need at least ____ mutation(s) to develop carcinoma?
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At least 2 sporadic mutations needed to = cancer.
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Modern cancer drugs are being developed to target ____ and cut off tumor nutrient supply.
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VEGF inhibition halts angiogenesis.
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Carcinomas prefer to metastasize in:
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Lymph vessels.
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Sarcomas prefer to metastasize:
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Via hematogenous metastasis.
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Describe "Cavity Seeding," please.
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Multiple tumors in one organ (considered to be metastasis).
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Tumor grading/classification is based upon what three things?
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Size, Presence in lymph nodes, & metastasis.
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List four genes affected by mutation that lead to cancer:
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Protooncogenes, Tumor suppressors (e.g. p53), Apoptosis mediators (e.g. BLC-2), & DNA repair genes (e.g. BRCA-1, BRCA-2, & HER-2).
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Name two tumor suppressors:
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p53 & pRB
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What is BCL-2?
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A mediator of apoptosis
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List 3 DNA repair genes:
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BRCA-1, BRCA-2, & HER-1
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Provide two examples of dietary carcinogens:
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Aflatoxin B1 & Nitrosamines/Amides
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Where does Aflatoxin B1 come from?
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Aspergillus flavus, commonly found in tainted grain/peanuts
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Where do Nitrosamines/Amides come from?
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Meat refrigeration/preservation
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How do polycyclic hydrocarbons cause cancer?
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They intercalate between base pairs of DNA causing mutation
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Alcohol + tobacco = ____?
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Oral carcinoma
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How does radiation cause cancer?
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Radiation nicks the DNA, which after being improperly repaired causes mutation
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Give two sources of cancer-causing radiation, please.
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UV Radiation, and Ionizing Radiation
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What is HTLV-1?
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The Human T-cell Leukemia Virus
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What is HPV?
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The Human Papilloma Virus => cervical cancer.
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What is EBV?
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The Epstein-Barr Virus => Burkitt's Lymphoma => facial/abdominal tumors
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What kind of cancer can Hep. B cause?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC = liver cancer)
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What is HHV-8?
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Human Herpesvirus 8 => Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS lesions, as seen in AIDS, etc.)
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How does dsDNA cause cancer?
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dsDNA activate protooncogenes causing the formation of oncogenes
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How does an RNA virus (retrovirus) cause cancer?
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Inserts cDNA into a protooncogene causing the formation of oncogenes
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What kind of cancer does the bacterium H. pylori cause?
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Gastric carcinoma
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Give 4 symptoms of cancer:
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1. Febrile, 2. Anorexia, 3. Cachexia, 4. Increased lymphocyte count.
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What is Telangiectasis?
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Telangiectasis [end vessel dilation] = a spidery appearance of dilated capillaries on the surface of an organ.
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What's the name of the drug which can treat an HER-2 mutation?
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Herceptin ("personalized medicine").
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