Pathology - Neoplasia

Front 1

A persistent growth is called what?

Back 1

Neoplasm (it has its own growth regulation that is independent of the hosts normal growth controls)

Front 2

A swelling is called what?

Back 2

A tumor (not necessarily caused by a neoplasm)

Front 3

A malignant tumor or neoplasm is called what?

Back 3

Cancer

Front 4

What does Neoplasia mean?

Back 4

"new growth" it describes growth "without a purpose"

Front 5

The study of tumors is called what?

Back 5

Oncology

Front 6

What are non-neoplastic changes in growth?

Back 6

Hypertrophy (increase in size), Hyperplasia (increase in number), Metaplasia (substitution of one type for another), Dysplasia (loss of maturation)

Front 7

What do the suffixes oma, sarcoma, and carcinoma correlate to?

Back 7

oma = benign neoplasm
sarcoma = malignant neoplasm (from mesoderm)
carcinoma = malignant neoplasm (from ectoderm or endoderm)

Front 8

What do the suffixes adeno, papillo, cyst correlate to?

Back 8

adeno = neoplasm derived from a gland
papillo = surface growth with finger-like projections
cyst = growth with a cavity lined by epithelium

Front 9

What is the most common salivary gland cancer?

Back 9

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Front 10

Fibrous Tissue: Benign/Malignant

Back 10

Benign - Fibroma
Malignant - Fibrosarcoma

Front 11

Myxomatous Tissue: Benign/Malignant

Back 11

Benign: Myxoma
Malignant: Myxosarcoma

Front 12

Adipose Tissue: Benign/Malignant

Back 12

Benign: Lipoma
Malignant: Liposarcoma

Front 13

Cartilage: Benign/Malignant

Back 13

Benign: Chondroma
Malignant: Chondrosarcoma

Front 14

Bone: Benign/Malignant

Back 14

Benign: Osteoma
Malignant: Osteosarcoma

Front 15

Blood Vessels: Benign/Malignant

Back 15

Benign: Hemangioma
Malignant: Angiosarcoma

Front 16

Lymph Vessels: Benign/Malignant

Back 16

Benign: Lymphangioma
Malignant: Angiosarcoma

Front 17

Meothelium: Benign/Malignant

Back 17

Benign: None
Malignant: Mesothelioma

Front 18

Brain coverings: Benign/Malignant

Back 18

Benign: Meningioma
Malignant: Invasive Meningioma

Front 19

Smooth Muscle: Benign/Malignant

Back 19

Benign: Leimyoma
Malignant: Leimyosarcoma

Front 20

Striated Muscle: Benign/Malignant

Back 20

Benign: Rhabdomyoma
Malignant: Rhabdomyosarcoma

Front 21

Stratified squamous epithelium: Benign/Malignant

Back 21

Benign: Squamous papilloma
Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma
This is the #1 cancer found in oral cavity

Front 22

Basal cell of skin or adnexa: Benign/Malignant

Back 22

Benign: None
Malignant: Basal cell carcinoma

Front 23

Respiratory tract epithelium: Benign/Malignant

Back 23

Benign: None
Malignant: Bronchogenic carcinoma

Front 24

Urinary tract epithelium: Benign/Malignant

Back 24

Benign: Transitional cell papilloma
Malignant: Transitional cell carcinoma

Front 25

Epithelial lining of glands or ducts: Benign/Malignant

Back 25

Benign: Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma
Malignant: Adenocarcinoma, Papillary carcinoma, Cystadenocarcinoma

Front 26

Renal parenchyma/tubular epithelium: Benign/Malignant

Back 26

Benign: Renal tubular adenoma
Malignant: Renal cell carcinoma

Front 27

Liver parenchyma (hepatocytes): Benign/Malignant

Back 27

Benign: Liver cell adenoma
Malignant: Hepatocellular carcinoma or Hepatoma

Front 28

Neuroectoderm (melanocytes): Benign/Malignant

Back 28

Benign: Nevus (mole)
Malignant: Malignant melanoma

Front 29

Placental epitherlium (trophoblasts): Benign/Malignant

Back 29

Benign: Hydatidiform mole
Malignant: Choriocarcinoma

Front 30

Testicular epithelium (germ cells): Benign/Malignant

Back 30

Benign: None
Malignant: Choriocarcinoma, Seminoma, Embryonal carcinoma

Front 31

What are characteristics of Benign tumors? (differentiation, location, surgical accessibility, survival rate)

Back 31

1. Cytologic and gross characteristics are relatively innocent (closely resembles cell of origin)
2. Lesion remains localized (encapsulated, growth by expansion)
3. Lesion can be surgically removed
4. Patient usually survives

Front 32

What are characteristics of Malignant neoplasms? (growth, location, survival rate)

Back 32

1. Tumor can invade and destroy surrounding tissue (no capsule)
2. Tumor growth is out of control
3. Tumor is capable of spreading to distant sites (metastasis)
4. Tumor can cause morbidity and mortality to host

Front 33

What are the 4 things that differentiate benign from malignant tumors?

Back 33

Metastasis
Mode of growth
Differentiation
Rate of growth

Front 34

What is differentiation?

Back 34

the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin

Front 35

What is difference between well-differentiated, poorly differentiated, and anaplasia?

Back 35

Well-differentiated: high degree of cell specialization (closely resembles cell of origin)
Poorly differentiated: lost sign os specialization normally seen in that cell type
Anaplasia: no evidence of cell specialization

Front 36

How does rate of growth vary between benign and malignant tumors?

Back 36

Benign: grows slowly
Malignant: grows faster

Front 37

How does the mode of growth vary between benign and malignant tumors?

Back 37

Benign: remain localized and well demarcated. most of them have a capsule that separates tumor from the surroundings
Malignant: grow by infiltration, invasion, destruction and penetration. usually do NOT have a capsule
Most reliable differentiating feature aside from metastasis

Front 38

What types of tumors undergo metastasis?

Back 38

Metastasis is the development of secondary tumor implants that are discontinuous with the primary tumor and arise in another location
THE MOST reliable differentiating feature. Metastasis = malignant

Front 39

What are the two routes of metastasis?

Back 39

Lymphatic Metastasis
Hematogenous Metastasis

Front 40

What type of tumor usually undergo lymphatic metastasis? Where do metastasis first occur?

Back 40

Carcinomas prefer this route.
Metastasis is usually to regional lymph nodes first --> blood stream

Front 41

What type of tumor usually undergoes hematogenous metastasis? Where are the metastasis located?

Back 41

Sarcomas prefer this route
Metastasis is to liver and lungs

Front 42

What is venous invasion?

Back 42

Part of the tumor extends to other areas while still being attached to the primary tumor. Common of Renal cell carcinoma

Front 43

What is seeding?

Back 43

Occurs when tumor invades a natural body cavity. Common of ovarian cancers

Front 44

What is direct implantation by surgeon?

Back 44

Rare ype of dissemination where tumor cells are carried to secondary location on the scalpel. Occurs in melanoma excision.

Front 45

What is the #2 killer of people in the U.S.?

Back 45

Cancer

Front 46

What is epidemiology?

Back 46

The statistical analysis of large population studies

Front 47

What are the 3 leading types of cancer found in MEN?

Back 47

1. Prostate
2. Lung and Bronchus
3. Colon and Rectum

Front 48

What are the 3 leading types of cancer found in WOMEN?

Back 48

1. Breast
2. Lung and Bronchus
3. Colon and Rectum

Front 49

What are the 3 leading types of cancer that cause DEATH in MEN?

Back 49

1. Lung and Bronchus
2. Prostate
3. Colon and Rectum

Front 50

What are the 3 leading types of cancer that cause DEATH in WOMEN?

Back 50

1. Lung and Bronchus
2. Breast
3. Colon and Rectum

Front 51

What are factors that increase risk of getting cancer?

Back 51

Geographic and Environmental: Physical environment, personal environment, occupational environment
Age: cancer increases with age
Heredity
Acquired preneoplastic disorders

Front 52

How long after diagnosis are statistics collected for survival data?

Back 52

Usually 5 years, but 2 years in aggressive cancers.