Pathology Module 4 - Immune Disorders

Front 1

Anaphylaxis

Back 1

Systemic reaction - causes immediate hypersensitivity to a small amount of antigen

Front 2

Antibody

Back 2

Plasma protein (immunoglobulin), produced by plasma cell

Front 3

Antigen

Back 3

Any substance not a natural part of a person and can induce an immune response and react with the products of that response

Front 4

Autoimmunity

Back 4

An immune response against self-antigens

Front 5

Hypersensitivity

Back 5

When the immune system over-responds to harmful antigens

Front 6

Immunodeficiency

Back 6

When the immune system under-responds to antigens

Front 7

Acquired immunity

Back 7

Specific response to a disease agent that teaches the system to create greater responses later

Front 8

Cell-mediated immunity

Back 8

Direct attack of foreign invader by T-lymphocytes

Front 9

Humoral immunity

Back 9

Production of circulating antibodies by B-lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Front 10

Natural immunity

Back 10

Nonspecific or innate defence against disease, no previous exposure required

Front 11

B lymphocyte

Back 11

Produced and mature in the BBBBBone marrow, when stimulated by an antigen transform into plasma cell which individually produces an antibody secreted into circ. system

Front 12

T lymphocyte

Back 12

Lymphoid stem cell produced in bone marrow sent to TTTTThymus to mature, and can recognize specific antigens and attack them

Front 13

Natural killer cells

Back 13

Lymphocytes that can recognize a variety of tumour or virally infected cells

Front 14

Immune system

Back 14

Body's defence against foreign invaders

Front 15

2 major functions of the immune system

Back 15

1) Defence
2) Surveillance

Front 16

5 essential properties of immune system

Back 16

1) Recognition of altered and non-self material
2) Specificity to remove or destroy foreign material without damaging tissues in the vicinity
3) Regulation: can control the type and intensity of the reaction and can suppress it
4) Amplification: The attack is mediated through multiple pathways
5) Memory: The identity of foreign particles leading to first response is remembered to accelerate future reactions

Front 17

4 Cells of the immune system

Back 17

1) Lymphocytes
2) Macrophages
3) Dendritic
4) Human major histocompatability complex (MHC)

Front 18

TCR and function

Back 18

T- cell receptor which recognizes a specific antigen

Front 19

CD3 complex and function

Back 19

Linked to TCR's - Transfers signals into the T-cell after it binds to the antigen

Front 20

CD4 and CD8 function

Back 20

CD4 - helper/inducer
CD8 - cytotoxic functions

Front 21

Lymphocyte distribution

Back 21

T - 60-65%
B - 10-20%
NK and regulator - 15-30%

Front 22

Immunoglobulin action in B-lymphocytes

Back 22

Immature contain cytoplasmic Ig
Later develop into surface Igs

Front 23

What happens when an antigen stimulates a B-cell

Back 23

The B-cell turns into plasma and secretes 5 classes of Ig's

Front 24

What are the 5 classes of Ig's and what is most important

Back 24

M*, G, A, D, E

Front 25

4 functions of macrophages in immune response

Back 25

1) Present and process antigen to T-cells
2) Cell-mediated immunity ie delayed hypersensitivity
3) Effector phase of humoral immunity
4) Secrete monokines that amplify T response

Front 26

Dendritic cells

Back 26

Process the antigen and present it to the T-cell from their own surface

Front 27

MHC and function

Back 27

Major Histocompatability complex
system of membrane proteins or antigens, called Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA)

Front 28

Class I MHC

Back 28

Present on nucleated cells and recognized by cytotoxic T-cells

Front 29

Class II MHC

Back 29

Antigen presenting cells
B-cells
Subsets of activated T-cells
*Important for interactions between immune cells

Front 30

2 types of mediated immune reactions

Back 30

1) Cell-mediated (T-Lymphocytes and NK cells)
2) Humoral (antibody mediated)

Front 31

What does the complement reaction cause

Back 31

Adherence reaction - phago cells have receptors to facilitate adherence of complement-coated microorganisms to cell surface
Lysis of target cell and release of various factors

Front 32

How can complement be activated (2)

Back 32

1) Antibody
2) Tissue protease and bacterial toxins without antibody involvement

Front 33

2 Divisions of Immune disorders

Back 33

1) Hypofunction
2) Hyperfunction

Front 34

2 Results of hypofunction

Back 34

1) Defence disorders
2) Surveillance disorders

Front 35

Pure B-cell dysfunction

Back 35

Congenital, not detected until 5-6 months

Front 36

Why is b-cell dysfunction not detected until several months after birth

Back 36

Maternal IgG antibodies protect baby

Front 37

Why is Pure T-cell dysfunction unlikely

Back 37

IT causes a lack of helper/suppressor effect which acts on B-cells

Front 38

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Back 38

T and B cell deficiency

Front 39

4 signs of immunodeficiency

Back 39

1) Chronic Infection
2) Recurrent Infection
3) Unusual infecting agents (low pathogenic potential)
4) Poor resolution and poor response to antibiotic treatment

Front 40

Secondary immunodeficiency (ID) diseases
6 causes

Back 40

1) Infection (Measles, rubella (temporary))
2) Immunosuppressive therapy (Chemo)
3) Malignancy
4) Chronic Illness
5) Malnutrition
6) Aging

Front 41

Type I Hypersensitivity (HS)

Back 41

Immediate/Anaphylaxis
localized or generalized rxn after exposure to an antigen
IgE/Mast cell interaction
Release of vasoactive amines
Ex: Bee sting

Front 42

Type II HS

Back 42

Cytotoxic antibody
IgG and IgM cytotoxic antibodies directed against fixed antigens on cell surfaces
-IgG or IgM complement interaction
Lysis of cells
Can include complement independent rxns
Ex: Transfusion rxn from mismatched blood

Front 43

Type III HS

Back 43

Immune complexes (serum-sickness)
Mediated by immune complexes
Antigen-antibody complexes in circulation are trapped in various organs and produce injury by complement and neutrophil activation
Ex: Serum sickness from injected substance

Front 44

Type IV HS

Back 44

Cell-mediated Immunity
Antigens are processed by macrophages and presented to antigen specific T-cells which activates them and release mediators
Can be delayed response
Ex Poison Ivy, TB, etc.

Front 45

Autoimmune disease

Back 45

Breakdown of normal processes which maintain immune tolerance of self-antigens

Front 46

2 possible causes of autoimmune disease

Back 46

Alteration of self-antigens
Loss of suppressor function

Front 47

3 Dependents of Autoimmune disease

Back 47

1) Target (antigen) alteration
2) Type of immune reaction (cell-mediated, humoral, both)
3) Changes secondary to destruction of target organ or type of reaction

Front 48

IgM

Back 48

Activates the complement system and B-cells

Front 49

IgG

Back 49

Protects tissues from infection
Fetus protection

Front 50

IgA

Back 50

Protects the mucosal lining

Front 51

IgD

Back 51

Partnered with IgM

Front 52

IgE

Back 52

Causes anaphylaxis

Front 53

Main function of dendritic cells

Back 53

Presenting of antigen to B-cells

Front 54

MHC and what it is composed of

Back 54

Human Major Histocompatability complex
Composed of HLA (Human leukocyte antigens) which are membrane antigens

Front 55

Class I MHC
-Role in immune reaction

Back 55

HLA-A,B,C
Display peptides from proteins created in cytoplasm, and recognized by cytotoxic T-cells

Front 56

Class II MHC
-Role in immune reaction

Back 56

Display peptides from proteins created outside the cell (creating antigens) recognized by helper t-cells

Front 57

When can t-cells recognize class I MHC antigens

Back 57

Rejection of a skin graft, virally infected cell

Front 58

On what types of cells are class I and II MHC molecules located

Back 58

Class I - All nucleated cells
Class II - Antigen presenting cells
- B-cells
- Activated T-cells

Front 59

What type of T-cells recognize Type I and II MHC and what CD protein do they express

Back 59

I - Cytotoxic CD8
II - Helper CD4

Front 60

Bruton's syndrome

Back 60

Pure B cell dysfunction

Front 61

DiGeorge syndrome

Back 61

Congenital absence of thymus and parathyroid glands causing T-cell dysfunction, usually leading to B-cell dysfunction because of lost helper/suppressor effect

Front 62

Severe Combined immunodeficiency disease

Back 62

T and B deficiency

Front 63

HIV --> Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease

Back 63

HIV infects CD4 (Helper/inducer) T-cells which leads to depletion and suppression of cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Front 64

Goodpasture syndrome and type

Back 64

Creation of antibody to type IV collagen leading to damage of lung and kidney basement membrane
Type II

Front 65

Myasthenia Gravis and type

Back 65

Creation of antibody to block Ach receptors in NMJ
Type II

Front 66

Graves disease and type

Back 66

Ab to TSH receptor preventing thyroid function
Type II

Front 67

Systemic Lupus erythematosus and type

Back 67

caused by injection of foreign protein
Type III

Front 68

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Back 68

Autoimmune disease
Targets thyroid cells