Pathology Module 3B - Regeneration And Repair

Front 1

Angiogenesis

Back 1

Formation of new BV

Front 2

Cicatrix

Back 2

Scar

Front 3

Fibrosis

Back 3

Formation of fibrous tissue in repair or replacement of cellular elements

Front 4

Keloid

Back 4

Sharply elevated, irregular scar due to excessive collagen formation during tissue repair

Front 5

3 parts of tissue repair

Back 5

1) removal of exudate
2) Removal of cellular and tissue debris
3) replacement of lost cells and tissue

Front 6

3 types of cells w.r.t regeneration

Back 6

1) Labile - Continue to proliferate throughout life (always in mitosis)
2) Stable - Low replication level but can divide in response to stimuli (always in G0 but can go to G1)
3) Permanent - Cannot divide in postnatal life (CNS neurone)

Front 7

4 places physiological regeneration takes place

Back 7

1) Epidermis
2) Blood
3) Uterine mucosa
4) Glandular epithelium

Front 8

What type of tissue regenerates best

Back 8

Supporting tissue (Connective tissue, epithelium)

Front 9

Atypical regeneration

Back 9

When some framework of a tissue was destroyed and regeneration does not include that framework

Front 10

Where can organ regeneration occur in mammals

Back 10

Liver, lung, kidney, spleen

Front 11

What are the two mechanisms involved in regeneration and repair

Back 11

1) Control of cell proliferation
2) Collagenization and acquisition of wound strength

Front 12

What types of cells are best-used for growth

Back 12

Recruitment of stable cells from G0

Front 13

What 3 ways can stable cells be activated

Back 13

1) Growth or stimulatory factors (ie insulin, somatotropin, estrogen)
2) Loss of a growth inhibitor (Negative feedback) ie
3) Cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions (Dependent on density)

Front 14

Cell-matrix interactions
-how they work

Back 14

Cells have receptors that recognize the extracellular matrix and interact with certain proteins that control cell proliferation

Front 15

Name the main type of cell-matrix receptors and 3 types

Back 15

Integrins
1) Fibronectin
2) Platelet surface
3) Leukocyte adhesion

Front 16

What are 5 structures in the extracellular matrix (ECM)

Back 16

1) Collagens
2) Glycosaminoglycans
3) Proteoglycans
4) Glycoproteins
5) Fibronectins

Front 17

What is the most important structure in the ECM

Back 17

Fibronectins

Front 18

3 locations of fibronectins

Back 18

1) Cell surfaces
2) Basement Membranes
3) Pericellular Matrices

Front 19

3 cells that produce fibronectins

Back 19

1) Fibroblasts
2) Endothelial
3) Monocytes

Front 20

4 Functions of fibronectins

Back 20

1) Migration of epithelium
2) Chemotaxis for monocytes and fibroblasts
3) stimulate endothelial migration and organization
4) Release bFGF from monocytes

Front 21

When does collagenation occur and why

Back 21

When the injury caused damaged to parenchymal cells and stromal framework, and regeneration will not heal injury

Front 22

Steps of collagenization

Back 22

1) Non-regenerated parenchymal cells replaced by fibroblasts and endothelial cells
2) Granulation tissue is established

Front 23

Granulation tissue

Back 23

granular tissue made of capillaries fibroblasts and INF cells that acts as scaffold for final scar to form

Front 24

3 Steps in repair process

Back 24

1) Angiogenesis
2) Fibrosis
3) Maturation and organization of scar

Front 25

1) Angiogenesis in repair

Back 25

New vessels bud off of old ones, and are leaky causing edema

Front 26

What are the two chemical mediators of Angiogenesis in tissue repair

Back 26

1) VEGF - Vascular endothelial growth factor
2) bFGF - Fibroblast growth factor

Front 27

Fibrosis in tissue repair

Back 27

Occurs by proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of ECM by these cells

Front 28

Maturation/organization of scar in tissue repair

Back 28

Collagen and other ECM degraded by metalloproteinases
Cleave 4 types of collagen and fibronectin
produced by INF cells and epi cells

Front 29

Most common protein in animal world

Back 29

collagen

Front 30

5 types of collagen and which are fibrillary/amorphous

Back 30

I, II, III fibrillary
IV, and V amorphous

Front 31

What cells digest collagens

Back 31

Collagenases, metalloproteinases

Front 32

What produces elastic fibres and what are their two components

Back 32

Fibroblasts
elastin and elastic microfibril

Front 33

What collagen types are in
Adult skin
Granulation tissue
Cicatrization

Back 33

I
III
III replaced by I

Front 34

5 Steps of skin wound repait

Back 34

1) crust formation
-stops bleeding
-bars infection
2) Removal of dead tissue, debris, and exudate
-usually falls off or is phagocytosed
3) Replacement of lost cells and tissues
-cell migration and division
-new tissue with rapidly proliferating cells (granulation tissue) is created
4) Epithelium
-Requires something to migrate on (Gran tissue)
-in larger skin wounds, passes between crust and gran tissue
-scab drops off
5) Cicatrization
-conversion of gran tissue to scar (closure of small vessels)

Front 35

3 types of proliferating/migrating cells in skin wounds

Back 35

1) Fibroblasts
2)Endothelium
3) Epithelium

Front 36

Keloid

Back 36

connective tissue proliferation that goes above and beyond what is needed.
red, raised lesion with a shiny surface

Front 37

Primary Repair/Primary Union/First Intention

Back 37

- a superficial wound that goes into the epidermis but not the dermis (no blood)/ or deeper into the dermis causing some blood which cement the wound/ deep enough that retraction occurs and sutures may be needed

Front 38

Secondary Repair (Second Intention

Back 38

Considerable loss of tissue
requires creation of gran tissue

Front 39

3 stages of wound closure

Back 39

1) Latent period ( Size does not change, 1-2 days)
2) Contraction period (Shrinkage of gran tissue, edges are pulled together)
3) Epidermization (Epidermis recreated)