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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the temporal relationship between biochemical & morphological changes?
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- biochemical changes proceed morphological changes
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what is the difference between hypoxia & ischemia?
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- ischemia is insufficient blood supply
- hypoxia is decreased oxygens |
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what is infarction?
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- death of cells due to ischemia and subsequent hypoxia
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in reversible cell injury injury what size molecules leak from the cell? What happens to the cell volume?
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- small
- swelling - selective loss of permeability |
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During reversible cell injury what happens do ATP & ADP? aerobic vs anaerobic pathways? intracellular pH? protein synthesis?
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- ATP decreases, ADP increases
- aerobic pathways decrease, glycogen decreases, anaerobic pathways increase - intracellular pH decreases - protein synthesis decreases |
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during reversible cell injury what do you see under LM? EM?
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- LM: hydropic changes - vacuolar degeneration, clumping of chromatin
- EM: dilation of ER, decreased glycogen, blebbing of cell membrane, blunting of microvilli |
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what happens when the cold stimulates ischemia?
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- decreased K & Mg
- increased Na & H20 |
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what happens in irreversible cell injury? What kinds of molecules leak out of the cell? what happens to the mitochondria?
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- large molecules leak out
- uncoupling of Ox Phos - MPTP - leakage |
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what happens in irreversible cell injury on the LM & EM?
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- LM: nuclear changes - pyknosis (shrinking), karyolysis (nucleus disappears), karyorrhexis (fragments)
- EM: microchondria granules & swells & ruptures |
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What does the MPTP lead to? What does leaky cyt C lead to? What factors can lead to this kind of damage to the mito?
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- MPTP leads to inability to generate ATP b/c of loss of membrane potential = necrosis
- cyt C leads to apoptosis - increased cytosolic Ca, ROS, lipid peroxidation |
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how does calcium cause damage to the mitochondria? effects on ATP?
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- mito start taking up excess Ca in the cytoplasm
- can EITHER do Ca uptake OR Ox Phos - therefore ATP production decreased |
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difference b/w heterolytic & homolytic cleavage in free radicals
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- heterolytic leads to ions, homolytic leads to free radicals
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how does the fenton reaction generate free radicals?
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- H2O2 + Fe2+ --> Fe3+ + 2(OH) radicals
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what does lipid peroxidation do to the membranes?
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- double bonds attacked by free radicals - propagation & autolytic reactions
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what are some of the effects of free radicals?
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- lipid peroxidation of membranes
- oxidative modification of proteins - lesions in DNA - dysregulation of Ca (oxidative stress can cause influx of calcium) |
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what does CCl4 do? What is characteristic of it?
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- lipid peroxidation (free radical damage)
- end up with lipid droplets in cell indication cell injury |
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what antioxidants does the body have to protect against free radicals? proteins? enzymes?
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- antioxidants A, C, E
- metal binding proteins: transferrin, ferritin, lactoferrin - enzymes: catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase - if you have lots of oxidized GSH then it is indicative of oxidative stress |
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what do phospholipases & lipid domains like clostridium infection do what to a cell?
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- direct injury to plasma membranes resulting in colloid osmotic lysis
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what do mercurial compound & membrane bound proteins do to a cell?
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- direct injury to plasma membranes resulting in colloid osmotic lysis
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what do killer T cells, perforin & immune mediated MAC do to a cell?
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- direct injury to plasma membranes resulting in colloid osmotic lysis
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what does ricin toxicity do to a cell?
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- complete disintegration of rough ER
- destroys protein synthesis |
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what is the only morphological indicator that a cell is dead? what about biochemical indicators?
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- nuclear changes
- biochemical indicators are not as clear, ATP depletion & irreversible injury to mito |
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____ plays a critical point in when the cell reaches the point of no return
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- ATP
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reperfusion injury
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- cells die after re-establishment of blood flow
- free radicals & Ca |
