Pathology Intro Cell Adaptation And Injury

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Disease

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is an abnormal structure or functional change within the body

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Symptoms

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are evidence of the disease as perceived by the patient

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Diagnosis

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refer to the name applied to the disease state

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Signs

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are the physical observations made by the person who examines the patient

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Laboratory findings

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are the observations made by tests or special procedures

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Pathology

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is the study of disease

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Pathology includes

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etiology, pathgenesis, morphologic changes, clinical significance

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Hypoxia

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cellular lack of oxygen caused by loss of blood supply, inadequate oxygenation of the blood, or loss of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

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Atrophy

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reduction in the size of cells

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Physiologic

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cell adaptation under normal conditions

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Pathologic

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cell adaptation under abnormal conditions

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Hypertrophy

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increase in the size of cells

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Hyperplasia

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increase in the number of cells

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Metaplasia

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reversible change in which one cell type is replaced by another cell type to better tolerate some insult (eg smoking)

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Three common causes and mechanisms of cell injury include

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Ischemic and hypoxic injury, Free radicals and Chemical injury

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Ischemic and hypoxic injury

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as the oxygen tension within the cell decreases, there is loss of oxidative phosphorylation and the generation of adenosine triphosphate ATP) which is the energy source for the cell. Loss of cellular energy has widespread effects on many systems within the cell

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Free radicals

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chemical species that have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Free radicals may be initiated within cells by the absorption of radiant energy, by endogenous reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes, or by metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs. The main effects of free radicals are on membrane, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides of DNA

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Pyknosis

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is the condensation and reduction of the size of a cell or its nucleus

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Necrosis

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is the sum of the morphologic changes that follow cell death in a living tissue or organ

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Putrification

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cell death in a dead person

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Autolysis

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degradation of dead cells by the cell's own digestive enzymes

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Heterolysis

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degradation of dead cells by digestive enzymes released from immigrant leukocytes

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Calcification

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deposits of calcium in dead or dying tissue

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Phagocytosis

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engulfment of tissue debris by leukocytes

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Apoptosis

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distinctive form of cell death resulting from activated enzymes that degrade the cell’s own nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic proteins

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Etiology

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cause

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Pathogenesis

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mechanisms of the development of a disease

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Morphologic changes

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structural alterations of a disease

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Clinical significance

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functional consequences of a disease