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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transudate has specific gravity ___ and is caused by ___
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< 1.012
increased hydrostatic pressure |
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exudate has specific gravity ___ and is caused by ___
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> 1.020
increased vascular permeability |
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___ is only present in inflammation
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exudate
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mechanisms of altered permeability in inflammation (4)
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interendothelial gaps
increased transcytosis necrosis of endothelium injury to endothelium |
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2 modes of interendothelial gap increase and their mediators & time course
first is ___ examples of second ___ (2) |
at venules: by histamine, leukotrienes; fast & short lived
at venules AND capillaries: by kinin & complement; delayed & prolonged most common burns, mild irradiation |
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transcytosis through endothelium is triggered by ___
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VEGF
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steps in leukocyte activation (5)
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margination
rolling & adhesion transmigration chemotaxis & activation phagocytosis |
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rolling is triggered by ___ (2) on endothelium binding ___ on leukocyte
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P selectin
E selectin Sialyl Lewis X (mucin-like glycoprotein) |
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adhesion is triggered by ___ (2) on endothelium binding ___ on leukocyte
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ICAM-1
VCAM-1 integrins |
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___ and ___ stimulates expression of E-selectin, ICAM and VCAM on ___
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IL-1
TNF endothelium |
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3 ways chemokines affect extravasation
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trigger selectin insertion into membrane
trigger selectin, CAM upregulation trigger conformation change on leukocyte integrin increasing receptor affinity |
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diapedesis is facilitated by leukocyte binding to ___ and then using ___ to cross BM
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CD31
collagenase |
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4 chemotactic factors
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bacterial products
C5a LTB4 IL-8 |
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receptors for chemotactic factors signal via ___ (2) and act on ___
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Gq -> PLC
PI3K actin cytoskeleton |
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bacterial LPS and nucleotides signal through ___, but bacterial peptides (and other chemotactics) signal through ___
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TLRs
GPLR |
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main opsonins (3)
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IgG
C3b collectins (e.g. MBL) |
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respiratory burst:
O2 is converted to ___ by ___; that is converted to ___ by ___; that is converted to ___ by ___ |
O2.- (superoxide)
NADPH oxidase H2O2 spontaneous HOCl MPO |
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the main oxidant produced by the respiratory burst is ___
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HOCl
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non O2 dependent antibacterial molecules (5)
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lysozyme
lactoferrin MBP BPIP defensins |
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___ (4) act by damaging bacterial membrane
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lactoferrin
cationic proteins BPIP defensins |
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___ degrade the bacteria inside the lysosome
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acid proteases
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tissue damage from leukocytes is from (3)
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lysosomal enzymes
O2 metabolites NO spillage |
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deficiency in ___ causes LAD1
deficiency in ___ causes LAD2 |
integrins
sialyl lewis X |
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deficient chemotaxis is caused by deficient ___
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C5a
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deficient phagocytosis is caused by (3)
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G6PD deficiency -> NADPH deficiency
NADPH oxidase deficiency -> chronic granulomatous disease MPO deficiency |
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CGD patients can kill ___ bacteria. CGD is inherited as a ____ trait.
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catalase negative
XLR or AR |
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DM affects ___ in leukocyte function
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all parts
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3 kinds of plasma proteases. all are triggered by ___.
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complement system
coagulation system kinins Hageman factor (XIIa) |
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kinins cause ___ (2)
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pain
increased vascular permeability |
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thrombin causes (2)
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increased adhesion
increased vascular permeability |
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arachidonic acid is made from ___ by ___, which is activated by ___ and inhibited by ___
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membrane phospholipids
PLA2 chemical (C5a) and physical stimuli steroids |
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2 enzyme classes acting on arachidonic acid
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lipoxygenase
cycloxygenase |
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lipoxygenases make ___ (2)
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LTs
lipoxins (LXs) |
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cyclooxygenases make ___ (2)
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PGs
TXs |
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PGs cause (4)
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vasodilation
inhibit platelet aggregation fever pain |
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TXs cause (2)
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platelet aggregation
pain |
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LTs cause (4)
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vasoconstriction
brochospasm increased vascular permeability leukocyte chemoattraction |
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___ is constitutively expressed and makes PGs which protect ___. ___ is inducible and only makes inflammatory PGs.
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COX1
COX2 |
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2 kinds of lysosomes
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large granules (azurophilic)
secondary granules |
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large granules contain (4)
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MPO
cationic proteins acid proteases neutral proteases |
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secondary granules contain (3)
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lactoferrin
ALP neutral proteases |
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neutral proteases (3)
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collagenase
elastase cathepsin |
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neutral protease inhibitors
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alpha1 AT
alpha2 macroglobulin |
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effects of IL-1 and TNF (4)
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activation of endothelium
leukocyte priming fibroblast proliferation and collagen secretion acute phase |
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activation of endothelium increases ___
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thrombogenicity
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chemotactic for neutrophils
chemotactic for monocytes chemotactic for T cells chemotactic for lymphocytes |
IL-8
fractalkine fractalkine C-chemokine |
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chemokine receptors are ___
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GPLRs
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ROS cause damage by (3)
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themselves
activating MMPs inhibiting MMP inhibitors |
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serum antioxidants (5)
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GSH peroxidase
ceruloplasmin transferrin SOD catalase |
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PAF is relased from ___ (2) and causes (3)
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leukocytes
endothelium platelet aggregation histamine release increased vascular permeability |
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constitutive NOS is present on (2). it releases NO which causes ___
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endothelium
neurons smooth muscle relaxation |
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inducible NOS is present on ___. it releases NO which causes ___ (3)
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activated macrophages
inhibition of adhesion reduced platelet aggregation reduced leukocyte recruitment |
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NO is bacteriocidal because
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it's a free radical
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substance P causes ___
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increased vascular permeability
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T/F: Chronic inflammation always follows an acute phase.
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false
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vasodilators (3)
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PGs
NO histamine |
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hyperpermeability factors (6)
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histamine
C3a C5a bradykinin LTs PAF |
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3 categories of tissue damaging molecules
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lysosomal enzymes
ROS NO |
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pyrogens (4)
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IL-1
TNF IL-6 PGs |
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hyperalgesics (2)
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PGs
bradykinin |
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monocytes exist for only ___ but as ___ they live for ___
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30 h
macrophages months |
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kinds of macrophages (5)
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histocytes
kupffer cells osteoclasts microglia alveolar macrophages |
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histiocyte homes
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CT
lymph nodes spleen |
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macrophages are activated by (4)
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IFNgamma
LPS fibronectin previous phagocytosis |
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4 categories of molecules released by ACTIVATED macrophages
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tissue injuring (proteases, etc)
fibrogenic GFs colony stimulating factors IL-1, TNF |
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macrophages trigger fibrosis by releasing (3)
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TGFbeta
PDGF FGF |
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a positive feedback loop links macrophages and ___. activated macrophages release ___ (3) which activates the latter, and more macrophages become activated when the latter releases ___ after activation.
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T lymphocytes
TNFa, IL-1, IL-12 IFNg |
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in acute viral inflammation, ___ predominate
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lymphocytes
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___ is a specific chemotactic for eosinophils
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eotaxin
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kinds of inflammation (7)
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serous
fibrinous suppurative ulcerative granulomatous pseudomembranous perivascular |
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granulomas are defined by ___
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epithelioid macrophages
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granulomas are formed when ___ release ___ recruiting ___. After becoming epithelioid, the latter release ___ and ___ and lose ___.
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TH1 CD4 T cells
IFNg macrophages ILs ACE ability to phagocytose |
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2 kinds of deposits in sarcoidosis. Neither is ___ for the disease.
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Schaumann bodies
Asteroid bodies pathognomonic |
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Schaumann bodies stain ___ because of ___
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basophilic
Fe and Ca |
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Asteroid bodies stain ___
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acidophilic
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2 clinical manifestations of inflammation
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acute phase reaction
lymphangitis & lymphadenitis |
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components of acute phase reaction (4)
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fever
leukocytosis upregulation of acute phase proteins miscellaneous |
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fever is triggered by ___ (3) released by macrophages, which causes ___ in HTh, causing synthesis of ___
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IL-1
TNF IL-6 upregulation of COX PGE2 |
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PGE2 raises body temperature by ___
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peripheral vasoconstriction
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leukocytosis is triggered by ___ (2)
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IL-1
TNF |
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acute phase proteins
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CRP
SAA complement proteins coagulation factors |
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acute phase proteins cause elevated
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ESR
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lymphangitis is
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inflammation of lymph vessels
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lympahadenitis is
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inflammation of lymph nodes
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