Pathology I Test I Definitions

Front 1

Virchow

Back 1

"father" of modern pathology; pronounced "Fir-co"

Front 2

Virchow's Triad

Back 2

elements contributing to thrombosis;
1) Endothelial injury (most important of the three!!)
2) Abnormal blood flow
3) hypercoagulability

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Pathology

Back 3

study of derangement of molecules, cells, tissues, and functions occuring in LIVING organisms in response to injurous agents and deprivations

Front 4

Disease

Back 4

abnormal body process with characteristic set of signs or symptoms that may affect the whole body or any of its parts

Front 5

Etiology

Back 5

study of cause of diseases

Front 6

Pathogenisis

Back 6

step by step development of a disease or how it happened

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Signs or symptoms

Back 7

abnormality indicative of disease; signs ONLY in vet med

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Lesion

Back 8

abnormality or "hurting"-what happened, functional or morhpological change or both

Front 9

Differential diagnosis

Back 9

two or more diseases with similar signs; DDX

Front 10

Diagnosis

Back 10

identification of a disease

Front 11

What 4 enzymes does Ca++ stimulate that lead to cell injury?

Back 11

1) ATPases-lead to breakdown of ATP, leaving less fuel for the Na/K pump
2) Proteases- disrupt cytoskeleton of the cell
3) Phospholipases-decrease in phospholipids
4) Endonucleases-damage to chromatin in nucleus

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Prognosis

Back 12

prediction of the outcome of a disease

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Pathognomonic

Back 13

characteristic or indicative for a specific disease; classic example is Negri bodies seen only in rabies

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Pathogenicity

Back 14

ability to cause disease

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Biopsy

Back 15

removal of tissue from LIVING patients for diagnostic histopathological exam; removal of tissue from a dead animal is NOT a biopsy

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Zoonosis

Back 16

disease transmissible from animal to man

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Injury

Back 17

damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and sturcture that can occur in cells and extracellular componants or tissues

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Adaptation

Back 18

changes in function and structure that maintain a homeostatic state and maintain cell viability; it must be able to revert back to its original state (ie dysplasia is NOT and example of adaptation)

Front 19

Reversible injury

Back 19

pathologic alterations in cell molecules and structure that are associated with abnormal function and with loss of homeostatic state; cells MAY recover if injury or stress are removed.

Front 20

Homeostasis

Back 20

("homeo"-similar, like, resembling) tendency to stability in the normal body states of the organism

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Irreversible cell injury and cell death

Back 21

damage to cell reaches magnitude or duration where the cell passes a "point of no return;" the cell cannot recover and dies. Characterized by pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis.

Front 22

Necrosis

Back 22

death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in a localized area of the body; WILL be accompanied by inflammation

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Aoptosis

Back 23

programmed celll death or necrobiosis; specialized form of cell death that is often mediated by specific receptor mediated stimuli or by loss of signals on well differentiated cells; occurs both physiologically and pathologically; NO inflammation

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Pyknosis

Back 24

nuclear shrinkage with increased basophilia

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Karyorrhexis

Back 25

fragmentation of chromatin

Front 26

Karyolysis

Back 26

dissolution of chromatin

Front 27

Autolysis

Back 27

hydrolytic changes that occur to cell and tissues after somatic death; the destruction of tissues or cells of an organism by the action of substances, such as enzymes, that are produced within the organism; NO inflammation

Front 28

What 3 enzymes inactivate free radicals?

Back 28

1) Superoxide dismutase
2) Glutathione peroxidase
3) Catalase

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Free radical

Back 29

chemical species that has a single unpaired electron in an outer orbital; examples are superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl ion

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Atrophy

Back 30

decrease in cell size (decrease in cell substance) due to decrease in functional demand or lack of nutrients, oxygen, endocrine stimulation, or nerve stimulation

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Hypertrophy

Back 31

increase in cell size/substance

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Hyperplasia

Back 32

increase in cell numbers

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Metaplasia

Back 33

replacement of one adult cell type with another (reversible process)

Front 34

Zenker's necrosis

Back 34

coagulation necrosis in striated muscle

Front 35

Dysplasia

Back 35

abnormal cell growth-a pre-neoplastic increase in number of epithelial cells; cells are different shapes, sizes, and orientations; localized dysplasia= carcinoma-in-situ (NOT sarcoma!!!)

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Dystrophic calcification

Back 36

abnormal calcuim deposit in dead or degenerating tissues; occurs after cell injury

Front 37

Metastatic calcification

Back 37

abnormal calcium deposition in "normal" tissues SECONDARY TO HYPERCALCEMIA

Front 38

Amyloidosis

Back 38

accumulation of abnormal proteinaceous substances from several protein sources with eosinophilic staining properties that accumulates between cells; has beta pleated sheet formation

Front 39

Pneumoconiosis

Back 39

accumulation of particulate matter within the lung (anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis; asbestosis may cause malignant tumor mesothelioma.

Front 40

Endogeouus cell pigments

Back 40

substances produced by the organism/cell; accumulate when they are produced in quantities that exceed the cell's ability to metabolize or secrete them; or if the cell is lacking enzymatic capacity to metabolize them

Front 41

Exudate

Back 41

fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues; ACIDIC!! (exudAte and Acidic both have only one A!) thick and more puss-like

Front 42

Lipofuscin

Back 42

aka ceroid, "pigment of brown atrophy," composed of lipid-protein complexes derived from the peroxidation of lipid in cell membranes (free radical damage); accumulates in cells over time as a "wear and tear" pigment; increased by a vitamin E deficiency; seen most commonly in heart, liver, and brain

Front 43

Transudate

Back 43

fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the extracellular space of tissues; ALKALINE!! (trAnsudAte and AlkAline both have two A's!) thin and watery

Front 44

Hemosiderin

Back 44

derived from hemoglobin breakdown; erythrocyte phagocytosis leads to release of iron from hemoglobin; do not confuse with artifact acid hematin, hemosiderin stains with Prussian blue.

Front 45

Bilirubin

Back 45

breakdown product from heme proteins derived from hemoglobin and from other heme groups, such as cytochromes

Front 46

Jaundice (icterus)

Back 46

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to elevated blood levels of bilirubin

Front 47

Melanin

Back 47

("melas"= black) formed by oxidation of tyrosine to DOPA in melanocytes by tyrosinase; distinguish from post-mortem pseudomelanosis

Front 48

Kwashiorkor

Back 48

protein malnutrition with adequate calorie intake

Front 49

Death

Back 49

characterized by cessation of vital signs

Front 50

Edema

Back 50

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intracellular and extracellular tissue spaces of body cavities; may be generalized, such as asasarca, or localized, such as hypopericardium

Front 51

Three causes of hyperbilirubinemia (icterus)

Back 51

"HOT"
-H = hemolytic (increased breakdown of blood; PRE-HEPATIC)
-O = obstructive (bile duct obstruction; POST-HEPATIC)
-T = toxic (liver disease; HEPATIC)

Front 52

Anasarca

Back 52

severe generalized edema of the subcutis

Front 53

Hydrothorx, hydropericardium, hydroperitoneum

Back 53

abnormal fluid accumulation on these body cavities

Front 54

Ascites

Back 54

hydroperitoneum-fluid in the abdominal cavity; often seen in RIGHT HEART FAILURE

Front 55

Congestion (aka Passive hyperemia)

Back 55

passive process characterized by decreased venous outflow; normal post-mortem occuance; does not indicate a pathologic process antemortem

Front 56

Hyperemia

Back 56

either active arteriolar dialation (increased inflow) OR passive decreased venous outflow

Front 57

2 names for decreased venous outflow:

Back 57

congestion or passive hyperemia

Front 58

Five causes of edema

Back 58

1) increased hydrostatic pressure
2) increased vascular permeability
3) decreased oncotic pressure=HYPOproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia (**HYPERproteinemia is NEVER the cause of edema!!!)
4) lymphatic obstruction
5) sodium retention in renal disease

Front 59

Hemorrhage

Back 59

escape of blood from the cardiovascular system; different from congestion or hyperemia, where blood stays in the vascular system

Front 60

Petechiae

Back 60

pinpoint to 1-2mm diameter areas of hemorrhage

Front 61

Purpura

Back 61

intermediate size (in between petechiae and ecchymoses) areas of hemorrhage

Front 62

Ecchymoses

Back 62

blotchy, irregular, greater than 2-3cm diameter areas of hemorrhage

Front 63

Hematoma

Back 63

three diamentional area of hemorrhage trapped in tissue resulting in a grossly visable mass

Front 64

Hemorrhage per rhexis

Back 64

vessel rupture leading to hemorrhage

Front 65

Thrombosis

Back 65

process of INTRAVASCULAR (or intracardiac) formation of a clot of fibrin and platelets DURING LIFE

Front 66

Thrombus

Back 66

intravascular clot attached to the cardiovascular wall; its attachment to the wall is what lets you know it was formed ante mortem

Front 67

Embolus

Back 67

physical mass carries from its site of origin in the vessel wall to a more distant site; may be solid, liquid, or gas

Front 68

Thromboembolus

Back 68

embolus formed from a thrombus

Front 69

Blood clot

Back 69

clot of blood formed INTRAVASCULARLY AFTER DEATH or EXTRAVASCULARLY DURING LIFE OR AFTER DEATH

Front 70

Lines of Zahn

Back 70

concentric lines in an arterial thrombus formd by layers of platelets, fibrin, WBC's, and RBC's; not found in venous thrombi

Front 71

Hemostasis

Back 71

process resulting in termination of hemorrhage (like blood clotting)

Front 72

Coagulation

Back 72

formation of a fibrin clot

Front 73

Chicken fat clot

Back 73

clot formed in vitro or postmortem from leukocytes and plasma of sedimentatd blood; yellow color

Front 74

Currant jelly clot

Back 74

jelly-like mass of red blood cells and fibrin fromed by the in vitro or post-mortem clotting of whole or sedimentated blood; dark red in color

Front 75

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Back 75

widespread thrombosis of micorvascular bed with concurrent fibrinolysis and consumption of coagulation factors; sometimes called consumptive coagulopathy

Front 76

Infarct

Back 76

localized area of ischemic necrosis (**coagulative!!**) resulting from occlusion of the arterial or venous supply

Front 77

Shock

Back 77

a condition characterized by a reduction in tissue profusion and oxygen delivery below the levels required to meet normal demands; cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, or neurogenic shock; loss of fluid volume leading to hypovolemic shock might be from hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), etc.

Front 78

Heart failure cells

Back 78

found in the LUNGS, not heart!! are macrophages full of hemosiderin as a result of chronic passive hyperemia (congestion) of the lung due to heart failure (left heart isn't beating effectively and not sending blood back out to the body, so blood becomes backed up in the lungs, leading to congestion). The RBC's squeeze out of the capillaries due to the pressure and the macrophages pick them up and break them down, eventually becoming full of hemosiderin.

Front 79

Epistaxis
*spelling!

Back 79

hemorrhage from the nose

Front 80

Hematemesis
*spelling!

Back 80

vomiting blood

Front 81

Hemoptysis
*spelling!

Back 81

coughing blood

Front 82

Melena
*spelling!

Back 82

black feces (particularly digested blood in feces); observed in animals with gastric ulcers; blood from lower in the GI tract (therefore undigested blood which will be red in color) is generally called hematochezia

Front 83

Hematuria
*spelling!

Back 83

blood in urine

Front 84

Hematorrhea
*spelling!

Back 84

copious hemorrhage

Front 85

Hemangioma
*spelling!

Back 85

tumor of newly formed blood vessels

Front 86

Hamartoma
*spelling!

Back 86

excessive but focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the area or site in which they occur (different from hematoma!!!)

Front 87

Hematochezia
*spelling!

Back 87

passage of blood in feces

Front 88

Hyperhidrosis

Back 88

excessive sweating

Front 89

Venous thrombi

Back 89

uniformly red in color, no Lines of Zhan (because of slower flow, RBC's have mixed with other cells and do not form these laminations); lumen of the vein is usually completely occluded

Front 90

Arterial thrombi

Back 90

usually only partially occluded (blocked) vessel; pale or white in color; has Lines of Zhan (because the blood is flowing quickly, the blood is not evenly mixed, resulting in laminations)

Front 91

Cardiac Tamponade

Back 91

fluid accumulation in the pericardial sack, resulting in ineffective pumping of blood, shock and possible death