Pathology I

Front 1

Definition of edema

Back 1

The presence of excessive fluid n the tissues or body cavities.

Front 2

Definition of effusion

Back 2

Fluids in cavities

Front 3

Anasarca

Back 3

Very severe generalized edema, especially subcutaneous tissue (Total body edema)

Front 4

Dependent edema

Back 4

Edema distributed by gravity

Front 5

Pitting edema

Back 5

Finger pressure leaves a depression

Front 6

Transudate

Back 6

Fluid of low protein content

Front 7

Exudate

Back 7

Fluid of high protein content

Front 8

Ascites

Back 8

Excessive peritoneal fluid

Front 9

Hydrothorax

Back 9

Excessive pleural fluid

Front 10

Hydrarthrosis

Back 10

Excessive joint fluid

Front 11

Four main causes of edema

Back 11

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure in blood capillaries
2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Increased permeability
4. Lymphatic obstruction

Front 12

Sites of edema

Back 12

1. subcutaneous tissue
2. ankles
3. lung
4. brain

Front 13

Morphological change due to edema

Back 13

Gross: tissue or organ swelling
Histology: separation of tissue element by eosinophilic material

Front 14

Hyperemia

Back 14

Increased blood volume in the vascular space of the organ involved.
Morphology: vascular engorgement

Front 15

Two types of hyperemia

Back 15

Active hyperemia: increased inflow
Passive hyperemia: decreased outflow

Front 16

Hemorrhage

Back 16

Flow of blood out of the vascular compartment

Front 17

Petechiae

Back 17

Minute hemorrhages in the skin, mucus membranes or serosal surfaces

Front 18

Purpura

Back 18

Slightly larger hemorrahages of surfaces than petechiae

Front 19

Ecchymosis

Back 19

Large hemorrhages of surface

"Bruise"

Front 20

Hematoma

Back 20

Pool of extravascular blood trapped in the tissue

Front 21

Hemoptysis

Back 21

Coughing up blood arising from larynx, trachea, bronchi or lung

Front 22

Hematemesis

Back 22

Vomiting blood

Front 23

Melena

Back 23

Evacuation of tar-like stools of altered blood
Indicate blood in GI

Front 24

Causes of hemorrhage

Back 24

Local: trauma, infectious, degenerative, neoplasia
General: hemorrhagic diathesis

Front 25

Anemia

Back 25

Reduction in number and/or volume of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood

Front 26

Causes of anemia

Back 26

1. decreased production/ increased loss of RBC
2. rapid blood loss (internal or external hemorrhage)

Front 27

What are the consequences of anemia?

Back 27

Pallor
Reduced oxygen transport

Front 28

Ischemia

Back 28

A temporary deficiency of blood flow (partial or complete) to an organ or tissue.
Result in hypoxia or anoxia of tissue

Front 29

Infarct

Back 29

a focus of necrosis, usually coagulative necrosis, resulting from ischemia/ stenosis so severe that the tissue can't survive

Front 30

Morphology of hyperemia

Back 30

1. Organ or tissue appear redder
2. Blood remain within the vessel
3. Vessels dilated, full of RBCs, but not damaged
4. Edema is not required but may be part of it

Front 31

Examples of physiological hyperemia and pathological hyperemia

Back 31

1. physiological - blushing
2. pathological - sunburn

Front 32

Types of infarct

Back 32

1. anemic, "white," "pale
2. hemorrhagic, "red"

Front 33

Morphology

Back 33

1. muscle necrosis
2. neutrophil infiltration
3. macrophaes
4. fibroblasts and capillaries
5. collagen
Infarcts are often wedge-shaped

Front 34

What is reperfusion injury?

Back 34

Causing more tissue damage to the surrounding area when ischemia is resolved

Front 35

Definition of heart failure

Back 35

Failure of pump function of heart

Front 36

Two types of pathophysiology of heart failture

Back 36

1. "backward" failure- failure to pump ot veins (congestive heart failure)
2. "forward" failure- failure to pump enough blood to meet needs of body

Front 37

True or false:
Congestive heart failure can be right-sided, left-sided or both.

Back 37

True

Front 38

True or false:
Plueral effusions can be manifestations of only left-sided heart failure

Back 38

False. It can be of both left- or right-sided failure.