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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main processes occurring in response to inflammatory stimuli? |
1. Capillary widening - increased blood flow 2. Increased capillary permeability - oedema 3. Attraction & migration of Neutrophils 4. Systemic response: fever and increased WCC |
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What are the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation? |
1. Time course: Days vs weeks/months 2. Cardinal signs vs no cardinal signs 3. Cause acute tissue damage vs FB, persistent infection, autoimmune 4. Neutrophils vs macrophages & fibroblasts in granulomas |
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What is an abscess? |
A localized collection of pus that develops in response to infection or other foreign materials under the skin. Most common causative organism: S.aureus |
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What is a sinus? |
A blind track lined by granulation tissue from epithelial surface down into tissues Congenital: eg pre auricular sinus Acquired: eg TB, pilonidal, actinomycoses |
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What is a fistula? What are the causes and the most common fistula? |
An abnormal connection between 2 epithelial surfaces. Congenital - eg tracheo-oesophageal, umbilical, thyroglossal Acquired: Trauma eg following difficult labour vesico-vaginal Iatrogenic - eg for haemodialysis, or following eg bowel surgery Inflammatory - eg TB Neoplastic - eg rectovesical in rectal cancer Most common: pierced ear! |
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What factors cause fistulae to persist? |
FB (eg suture) Necrotic tissue Distal obstruction Persistant drainage Malignancy |
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What are yellow sulphur granules from a fistula indicative of? |
Actinomycosis |
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Besides infection, name 3 other means of cellular injury? |
1. Chemical 2. Physical - including electrical & temperature 3. Radiation injury |
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Wound classification by injury type |
OPEN: incision, abrasion, crush, laceration, puncture CLOSED: contusion, haematome |
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Wound classification by contamination |
1. Clean - non-infected, not entering GI/GU/resp 2. Clean/contaminated - involving GI/GU/resp 3. Contaminated - accidental wounds, gI with spillage, incisions with inflammation 4. Dirty - old traumatic wounds, perforated viscous, known infection |
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Describe 1st intention wound healing |
Bring edges together, little gap, rapid ingrowth of macrophages & fibroblasts. Restoration with minimal scar tissue |
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Describe 2nd intention wound healing |
Gap cannot be directly bridged (eg due to tissue loss). Slowly granulates from the bottom up. Scarring followed by wound contrature. |
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What is the difference between a hypertrophic and keloid scar? |
Hypertrophic scar - broad, raised wound, not beyond wound itself, usually settles Keloid - excessive fibroblast proliferation & collagen production above & beyond wound |
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How does healing occur in the nervous system? |
Permenant cells (CNS or cell body) do not undergo regeneration Peripheral nerves (axon or terminal) undergo Wallerian degeneration distal to trauma site. Regeneration can occur at a rate of 1mm/day. |
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Describe the 3 types of nerve injury from least severe to most |
1.Neuropraxia (demyelination) 2. Axonotmesis (demyelination & axon loss) - distal end: Wallerian degeneration 3. Neurotemesis (demyelination & axon loss & endoneurium/perineurium/epineurium damage - increasing severity) |
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Describe 6 stages of fracture healing |
1. Haematoma 2. Macrophages, polymorphs & fibroblasts 3. New vessels form, fibrosis occurs 4. Osteoblasts grow in and form trabeculae of woven bone (callus) - internal within medullary cavity and external related to periosteum (envelopes like a splint) 5. Woven bone replaced by lamellar bone 6. Remodelling according to direction of mechanical stress |
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What is the difference between an erosion and an ulcer? |
Erosions are partial thickness and regenerate rapidly from adjacent epithelial cells Ulcers are loss of full thickness of mucosa, repaired by granulation tissue at the base& centripetal growth of surface epithelium. If cause persists may become chronic with fibrous scarring. |
