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252 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydrocephalus
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dilation of ventricles caused by obstruction
CSF builds up and causes pressure atrophy Congenital: Dogs Acquired: secondary to neoplasia or inflammation |
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Porencephaly
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formation of fluid filled cavity in cerebrum
Caused by Necrosis Viral Infection (BVD (cows), Bluetongue, Border disease (sheep) |
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Hydranencephaly
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more severe form of porencephaly
most of white matter is lost, lateral ventricles fil space Cu def, border disease, blue tongue (sheep) BVD (cow) |
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Cerebellar Hypoplasia
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Hypoplasia: failure of cerebella to develop to normal size
Inutero infections: BVD cows panleukopenia- cats |
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Abiotrophy
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atrophy of cerebellum after it gets to be normal size
most common in dogs |
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Copper deficiency
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swayback: in sheep, necrosis of white matter and hydranencephaly
axonal degeneration: occurs several weeks after birth in sheep |
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hypomyelinogenesis
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failure of myelin to develop
sheep: hairy shakers inherited in dogs and pigs oligodendrocytes are replaced by fat |
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spina bifida
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failure of neural tube to close during development
affected animals have open areas in spine |
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meningocele
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meninges are exposed (spin bifid a)
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meningomyelocele
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spinal cord is exposed (spina bifida)
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hydromyelia
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dilation of central canal of spinal cord
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syringomyelia
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formation of syrinx/cavity within the cord
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edema
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not seen grossly
leads to flattening of gyri cerebellum forced into foramen magnum (narrows) |
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vasogenic edema
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intercellular, more common
often focal, seen with neoplasia, trauma, inflammation from fluid that leads out of vessels |
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cytotoxic edema
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intracellular
toxicity from salt, lead leads to neuronal necrosis seen secondary to liver disease |
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infarcts (stroke)
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arterial supply to brain has reduction in luminal diameter
brain sensitive to ischemia -areas appear pale tan to yellow and swollen -hemorrhagic areas are red |
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Feline ischemic encephalopathy
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unknown cause in cats produce areas of infects
cats have ataxia, seizures, blindness, behavioral changes |
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emboli
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cause infarcts
bacterial emboli in cases of septicemia fibrocartilaginous emboli from disc herniation in dogs, pigs |
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hemorrhage and contusion
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difficult to distinguish from infarct
trauma is cause seen in necrosis or infarction from c. perfrinens D in sheep |
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Lysosomal Storage diseases
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inherited diseases
-caused by deficiency of enzyme -affects all species -autosomal recessive disease in homozygotes -can be acquired by poison plants clinical signs: ataxia, incoordination, tremors, death no gross lesions in brain classified: lipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, glycoproteinoses |
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transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
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group of neurologic diseases
-clear vacuoles form within neurons -caused by prions -infection when animal is young -scrapie in sheep, BSE in cows |
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chromatolysis
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Dispersion of nissil substance within neurons
cytoplasm looks like ground glass -occurs when axon is damaged -equine motor neuron disease involves chromatolysis |
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Compression (spine)
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-degeneratoin of both myelin and axons
-marcophages are seen in empty axon sheaths -herniation of intervertebral discs is most common cause -occurs in chondrodystrophic breeds -posterior paralysis suddenly wobbler in horses -cervical vertebra may be malformed |
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toxins (degenerative lesion of spine)
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organophophates
-inhiit acetylcholinesterase -cause delayed neurotoxicity weeks after exposure copper deficiency in sheep |
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degenerative myelopathy
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seen in young horses most commonly
-from 6 mo to 2 years in all spp -all levels of spinal cord have wallerian degeneration |
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Necrosis of Spinal Cord- Polioencephalomalacia
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Necrosis associated with gray matter softening and edema
-necrosis of cerebral cortical gray matter |
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Deficiency of Thiamine in ruminants
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polioencephalomalacia
-increased levels of thiamin's from high grain diet -cattle are blind and have paresis -show teeth grinding -euthanize |
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Salt poisoning in pigs
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usually in animals deprived of water
causes cytotoxic edema and polioencephalomalacia |
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lead toxicity in ruminants
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polioencephalomalacia
-from licking old batteries -excitable animals that are hyperactive -can have seizures -blind and stagger, can have no clinical signs |
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hypoxia and ischemia
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due to prolonged seizures and anesthesia
-kills cerebral cortex, hippocampus and pukinje cells -in foals, hypoxia during birth leads to dummy foal |
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leukoencephalomalacia
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only disease specific to white matter
-horses following ingestion of moldy corn infected with fusarum fungus fungus produces fumonisin b toxin -horses stagger, are weak, circle, depressed, and die causes necrosis |
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clostridium perfringens D (necrosis)
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animals with pulpy kidney that survive
-develop secondary to neuronal necrosis -necrosis and hemorrhage occur in basal ganglia -blood vessels are damaged -causes CNS hemorrhage and contusion and pulpy kidney in sheep |
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equine motor neuron disease
(necrosis) |
chromatolysis plus neuronal degeneration in the ventral horns of spinal cord
-respons to vitamin e |
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poliomyelomalacia
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pigs
-necrosis of ventral horns in cervical and lumbar spine caused by selenium toxicity affected pigs have posterior paralysis and quadriplegia |
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bacteria
inflammation of nervous system |
typically produce meningitis
-see lots of neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macros -meningoencephalitis: if neuropil is involved hematogenous listeria in ruminants , damage to C8-circle, C7- unilateral drooping histophilus somni: feedlot cattle |
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Viral infection of nervous system
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no gross lesions
-perivascular cuffing -chromatolysis and necosis -glial nodules |
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rabies
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-foxes/skunks
-eosinophilic intracytoplasmic accumulations of virus called negri bodies carnivores: few negris, lots of inflammation ruminants: show little inflammation, lots of negi bodies |
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pseudorabies
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herpesvirus infection of pigs
-highly contagious endemic with no signs -young pigs, severe signs and death, old- respiratory signs |
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equine viral encephalitis
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arbovirus in horses
-transmitted by mosquitos -reservoir is wild birds, horses ,and humans- dead end host -horses are drowsy, blind and my circle, death in 2 days |
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retrovirus
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sheep and goats
-demyelination with perviscular cuffs produces encephalitis in young kids arthritis in goats -lesiosn are in spinal cord -lead to paralysis and death -similar disease in sheep- visna |
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canine distemper
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common in dogs
-caused by morbillivirus -neurological disease -produces neuronal necrosis in gray matter, white matter demyelination repetitive contraction of masseter muscle |
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equine herpesvirus 1
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neurologic disease and pneumonia
vasculitis with hemorrhage in spinal cord and brain -paresis, ataxic and recumbant |
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west nile virus
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flvivirus affects any app
-paresis and paralysis -poliomyelitis and encephalitis zoonotic and fatal |
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fungi
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granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation
-cryptococcus: in cats in most important -yeast infection enters thru nasal cavity goes to brain -causes meningitis or meningoencephalitis |
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parasites
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-multifocal inflammation in white and grey matter
-eosinophil infiltration -EPM-opposum, sarcocystis neurona -paresis and paralysis |
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granulomatous meningoencephalitis
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common in dogs
-white matter is infiltrated with cuffs of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macros -profound and progressive or mid -eventually fatal |
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cauda equina neuritis
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horses
-nerves of caudal equine -nerves are thick gray or brown -leads to granulomatous inflammation -horses are incontinent with perineal anesthesia and tail paralysis -can respond to corticosteroids -not fatal, but usually euthanize |
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glial cell tumors
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grey, tan , white and compress adjacent tissue
-astrocytoma: 2nd most common CNS tumor -most common in brachycephalic dogs -located in cerebral cortex -oligodendroglioma are rare |
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choroid plexus tumor
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rare, occur only in ventricles
-usually in 4th -can be adenoma or adenocarcinoma -vascular and red |
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meningioma
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most common tumor of CNS
-dogs (ventral) -cats (dorsal) -firm, coarse, tan mass on surface of brain signs related to compression of nervous tissue |
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ependymoma
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benign or malignant
-rare tumor within the ventricle -white or tan |
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neuroblasoma and medulloblastoma
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same tumor
-arise from primitive neurons -young animals in medulla -well demarcated gray to pink |
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peripheral nerve sheath tumor
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uncommon
-in PNS in dog -usually benign in the skin or brachial plexus -can be in cows as multiple masses in intrathoracic nerves -firm and white |
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cholesterol granuloma
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in horses
cholesterol in lateral vetricle -incidental finding -can cause hydrocephalus |
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dural ossification
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formation of mineralized plaques in dura of old dogs that form bone
-incidental -some dogs are painful in spine -appear on radiographs |
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cleft palate
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hereditary defect where hard palate fails to close completely
occurs in any species |
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vesicular diseases
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viral diseases of large animals
-vesicles inmoth and on coronet -foot and mouth: pigs, cows, sheep -vesicular stomatitis: pigs, cattle, horses vesicular exanthema: calcivirus of pigs |
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Feline calci virus
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produces vesicles that quickly rupture into ulcers
-upper respiratory disease of cats |
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herpes B virus
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rhesus monkeys: carrier
non-rhesus: fatal |
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Pemphigus
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vesicles ulcers in oral cavity and skin of dogs and cats
-autoimmune disease |
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pemphigus vulgaris
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antibodies directed towards keratinocytes
-affects skin |
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bullous pemphigoid
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antibodies against basement membrane
-subepidermal lesion |
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bovine biral diarrhea
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pestivirus of cows
-ulcers in oral cavity, esophagus, and small intestine -ulcers over peyer's patches |
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malignant catarrhal fever
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gamma herpes virus of cows
-carried by wildebeest, and sheep -signs similar to BVD -plus copious amounts of nasal discharge |
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bluetongue
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orbivirus of sheep
-transmitted by insects -ulcers in mouth, hemorrhages in forestomach, coronet -tongue swells with venous blood and looks blue |
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uremia
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accumulation of toxins in blood in dogs and cats
-due to renal failure -ulcers produced on tongue/stomach |
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eosinophilic granuloma complex
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hypersensitivity reaction in dogs and cats
-likely due to parasites -produces ulcers in mouth and skin -can be treated with steroids |
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aeromonas
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bacterial infection of fish and reptiles
-causes necrosis and hemorrhage in the mouth and other organs |
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contagious ecthyma
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pox virus of sheep and goats
-crusty lesions on lips, face, feet, udder -self-limiting but painful |
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bovine papular stomatitis
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parapox virus of cow
-discrete circular lightly raised lesions in mouth and esophagus -center of ulcer is raised -incidental |
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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bacterial infection of cattle
-secondary to oral trauma -ulcers and caseous proliferative lesions in mouth |
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lumpy jaw
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actinomyces infection
-secondary to oral trauma |
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wodden tongue
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actinobacillus infection in cows
-secondary to oral trauma |
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gingival hyperplasia
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proliferation of gingival in response to chronic periodontal disease
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malignant neoplasia
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melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma
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melanoma
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horse, pig, dog, cat
-tumor of melanocytes -skin of all spp, oral cavity of dog -90% malignant -pigmented or non-pigmented |
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squamous cell carcinoma
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tumor of squamous epithelium in oral cavity and skin
-common tumor of cat tongue -solitary nodule -slow to metastasize -occurs in tonsil of dogs, more malignant |
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fibrosarcoma
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dogs and cats
-tumor of fibroblasts in subcutis of cats, oral cavity of dogs -solitary nodule -moderate rate of metastasis |
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benign neoplasia
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epulis, papilloma, tooth germ tumors
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Epulis
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tumor of periodontal ligament in dogs
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Papilloma
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virus causes warts on skin and in rumen of cows
oral cavity of dogs |
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tooth germ tumors
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rare in dogs, cat, cow
-ameloblastoma: locally extensive to bone odontomas: look like teeth, untreatable, euthanasia |
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enamel hypoplasia
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failure to form enamel on teeth
-dentin is exposed -teeth are chipped, misshapen and brown -can be caused by exposure to distemper while teeth is developing or high levels of fluorine (cows) -bones are prone to fracture |
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excessive tartar buildup
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can lead to periodontal disease and eventual tooth loss
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mucocele
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cysts that forms when a salivary duct ruptures and saliva accumulates in adjacent soft tissue
-induces inflammatory response -occur in submandibular oral cavity |
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ranula
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mucocele in the abase of the tongue caused by rupture of the sublingual salivary gland
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sialoadentitis
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inflammation of salivary gland caused by coronavirus in rat
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choke
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happens in horses fed dry coarse feed (apples)
esophagus can ulcerate producing annular ulcers |
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avian pox
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viral infection
-produces white/yellow caseous plaques on mucosa of the oral cavity, crop and esophagus |
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hypervitaminosis A
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causes keratinization of the esophagus and internal glands
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candida
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opportunistic yeast infection in immunocompromised animals
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trichomonas
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protozoan infection in the crop and esophagus in birds, pigeons
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megaesophagus
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marked dilation of the esophagus
-usually seen with right persistent aortic arch -may develop secondary to myasthenia gravis |
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edema of stomach and intestinal wall
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of the stomach and intestinal wall happens in animals with hypoproteinemia
-wall looks gelatinous -e.coli in pigs |
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ulcers of the cardia
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ulcers within the esophageal portion of stomach in pigs
-may be ration related -ulcer can lead to fatal bleeding and sudden death |
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other ulcers
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stress in all spp
-steroids and NSAIDS - common in horses -heavy metals (cattle) -uremia in dogs |
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bloat-horse
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caused by gas dissension
-most common in horses that engorge on grain -causes lactic acidosis and is CV failure -shock, death or stomach rupture occurs |
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bloat-cows
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lactic acid forms ulcers which erode vessels
-secondary infection by fungi or fusoacterium -ingestion of legumes with high protein causes frothy bloat |
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bloat line
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distinguishes postmortum bloat from pre-mortem bloat
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bloat-dog
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volvulus typically in deep chested dogs
-aerophagia (ingestion of air) or food that expands after eating cause |
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displaced abomasum
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cattle- occurs within several weeks of parturition
abomasum moves to left or right and fills with gas |
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stomach rupture
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caused in horses by bloat or colic from intestinal blockage
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stomach bots
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in horses
-gastrophilus larve cause ulcers at margo plicatus -incidental finding |
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bezoars
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phytobezoars (plant balls)
trichobezoars (hair balls) |
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hyperplasia of gastric mucosa
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response to PARASITES
-ostertagia in cattle -trichostongylus in horses |
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eosinophilic gastroenteritis
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rare disease in dogs
-similar to carcinoma grossly -stomach is infiltrated with eosinophils and fibrosis -due to an allergic reaction |
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neoplasia of the stomach
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all tumors of stomach lining are malignant
-gastric carcinoma: highly malignant tumor of dogs, thickening and fibrosis of stomach wall, large ulcer in the mucosa -squamous cell carcinoma: horses, ulcerated fibrous mass in nonglandular stomach, metastasis occurs with clinical signs -lymphoma: dogs and cats, mass of homogenous tan tissue, no fibrosis -leioyoma: tumor of submucosa (not malignant) , discrete, well-deliniated tan nodule |
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papilloma
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in rumen of cows
-occur as white, wart-like growths -caused by papilloma virus, incidental |
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salmonella
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effects the small intestine in cattle:
-large intestine of horses, pigs -produces ulcerative, fibrinous, and hemorrhagic enteritis |
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amoebas
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ulcerative enteritis in small intestine of reptiles
-entamoeba is most common |
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ulcerative enteritis in small intestine
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occurs in young birds
-caused by clostridium coliseum -produces discrete culcers, multifocal yellow foci in liver |
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necrotic enteritis in small intestine
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disease of chickens
-caused by clostridium perfringens A -produces diffuse necrosis with a fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane |
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hemorrhage of small intestine
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free blood in lumen
hemorrhage within the wall |
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hemorrhage of small intestine of dogs and cats
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occurs secondary to many things (infection, neoplasia,)
-intestine is diffusely hemorrhagic gall bladder can be affected |
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small intestine hemorrhage of ruminatns
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heavy metal toxicosis
-arsenic, mercury) |
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parvovirus of dogs and cats
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small intestine hemorrhage of dogs and cats
-hemorrhagic enteritis, in dogs, destroys crypt cells cats- panleukopenia, damages crypts but does not cause hemorrhage |
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anticoagulative toxicosis
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ingestion of rodenticides
affects: LI, gall bladder cause hemorrhage to small intestine |
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Hookworms
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in dogs nematodes
visible grossly cause hemorrhage to small intestine |
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clostridium perfingens A and C
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large animals in first 2 weeks of life
-diffuse hemorrhage of small intestine |
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clostridium difficlie
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hemorrhagic enteritis of small intestine of a foals
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hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
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in adult dairy cattle
-causes hemorrhagic and blood clots small intestine -high mortality |
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granulomatous enteritis
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horses
rare and unknown cause mucosa is infiltrated with macrophages |
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mycobacterium avium
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infection in birds
-diffuse thickening of mucosa caused by granulomatous inflammation -in immunocompirmised animals |
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idiopathic muscular hypertrophy
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in horses
distal illium and esophagus of horses normal/incidental finding rarely can obstruct ileum |
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chronic obstruction of small intestine
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small intestine lumen is obstructed by foreign body
-cause muscularis to thicken |
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hemomelasma ilei
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horses
-single or multiple red to brown plaques on serosa near the ileum -incidental -antimesenteric side |
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lymphosarcoma
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thickening of intestinal wall that is segmental
homogenous tan, but can have hemorrhage and necrosis lumen of intestine is smaller but NOT constricted |
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leimyosarcoma
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distinct tan nodule in the wall beneath mucosa
moderate malignancy and metastasis |
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adenocarcinoma
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annular constricting bands in intestine
-constricts lumen of small intestine very malignant |
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gastrointestinal stromal tumor
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tumor of interstitial cells of canal
-control intestinal motility -benign or malignant -look like leiomyosarcoma |
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torsion
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twist of intestine on itself
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volvulous
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twist of the intestine on mesenteric axis
-more common in horses |
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intussusception
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telescoping of intestine onto itself
2ndary to hypermotility diffuse congestion, hemorrhage and edema in bowel |
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stangulation
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occurs when intestine is trapped by a band of connective tissue (lipoma)
-usually in older horses -diffuse congestion, hemorrhage and edema in bowel |
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hernia
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entrapment of intestine in constricted openings
-like inginual rings, umbilicus or ruptured diaphragm -diffuse congestion, hemorrhage and edema in bowel |
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E. coli
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diarrhea in pigs, rums, foals in first week of life
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Rotavirus
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diarrhea of pigs and ruminants in first 3 weeks of life
-shortening if villi |
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cryptosporidia
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young pigs and ruminants in first 3 weeks of life
-protozoal infection attach to microvilli |
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clostridium perfringens C and D
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pulpy kidney in sheep
-change to better feed leads to overgrowth of bacteria and endotoxin production type D- hemorrhage and contusion in sheep |
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lymphangiectasia
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in dogs
-dilation of lacteals in the intestinal villi resulting in malabsorption |
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inflammatory bowel disease
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in dogs and cats
-allergic enteritis due to dietary allergens |
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panleukopenia
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parvovirus in cats
causes diarrhea |
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ulcerative colitis
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boxer dogs
marcophages in the mucosa and ulcers in large intestine unknown cause also occurs in cats with macrophages in mucosa |
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shigella
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bacterial infection of primates
-produce ulcers and sometimes hemorrhage similar to salmonella |
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swine dysentary
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colitis of pigs
caused by brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other bacteria produces fibrinous colitis with hemorrhage |
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yersina pseduotuberculosis
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bacterial infection of primates, rodents, cattle
-multifocal fibronecrotic colitis |
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hisomonas meleagridis
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protozoan infection o fturkeys
caseous necrosis pin the ceca transmitted by cecal worm |
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fibrinous colitis
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tichuirs worms (whipworms)
cecum and colon of pigs and dogs most cause no lesions heavy infections cause this in horses: NSADIS, antibiotics and small strongyles cause |
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colitis X
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disease in horses caused by overgrowth of clostridia in large intestine
hemorrhage and edema in colon, no blood in feces |
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impaction
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obstruction of colon caused by feces, foreign bodies, coarse feed
enteroliths are mineralized concretions that build in size until cause impaction can be sand |
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dilation (megacolon)
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can occur secondary to spinal disc disease in dogs
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atresia coli/ani
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congential defects in cattle
-atresia ani: no anus present atresia coli: colon ends in blind sac before anus |
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potomac horse fever
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rickettsia infection of horse
colon lumen is filled with water -transmitted by insects |
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johne's disease
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ruminants bacteria infection
thickening of mucosa from granulomatous inflammation -proliferative folds (dont' come out when you stretch colon) -biopsy lymph nodes at ileoceal junction and demonstrate presence of acid fast organisms |
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ascites
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accumulation of clear, yellow fluid in peritoneum
due to chronic liver disease (fibrosis in liver) , can also be caused by passive congestion in liver |
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edema
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in pigs
caused by e. coli affects stomach, subcutis, and peritoneum |
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hemoperitoneum
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blood in abdomen
occurs secondary to trauma |
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traumatic reticuloperitonitis
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occurs in cattle
caused by ingestion of wire/sharp objects -causes fibrinous peritonitis wire can penetrate pericardial sac |
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ruptured urinary bladder
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in castrated male cats, cattle
-urethra is blocked with mineral deposit free grin in abdomen leads to fibrinous peritonitis |
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feline infectious peritonitis
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coronavirus in cats
high protein fluid/fibrin in body cavities -small white plaques form on mesentery and granulomas may be seen in organs |
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fat necrosis
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fat is mineralized and appears firm, chalky yellow to brown plaques or nodules
idiopathic in jersey and guernsey |
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vitamin E deficiency
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in cats, fish, reptile with high pufa diet
-fat necrosis of subcutis, mesentery momentum |
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pancreatitis in dogs, cats
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leads to leakage of enzymes from pancreas leading to necrosis of fat near it
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fescue toxicosis
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fat necrosis in ruminants
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fat necrosis in older horses
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lipomas in old horses lose blood supply and necros
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chronic peritonitis
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chronic inflammation will resolve with fibrous tags
-not common since most animals die from peritonitis before it is chronic |
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neoplasia of peritoneum
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meothelioma
-rare neoplasm of calves and dogs -must differentiate from chronic peritonitis |
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hypoplasia of the pancreas
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rare disease in german shepherds
-exocrine pancreas fails to develop endocrine pancreas is normal |
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acute pancreatitis
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serious disease in dogs
-unknown cause pancreas as hemorrhage, necrosis, and edema |
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chronic pancreatits
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dogs who suffer repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis
healed by scarring pancreas is pale, tan, firm, and nodular |
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hyperplasia of pancreas
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exocrine pancreas tissue has tan nodules (1-3 mm)
-incidental in dogs and cats |
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neoplasia of pancreas
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affects dogs and cats
-both exocrine and endocrine pancreas -adeomas (single, yellow, or white nodules, small) -adenocarcinoma (large and infiltrative, not well delineated) |
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fat or glycogen accumulation in liver
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pale, tan/brown liver
-cahnge may be diffuse or multifocal diffuse change is pathologic nutritional or metabolic disease |
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yellow liver
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large amounts of fat
-diffuse or lobular liver is soft |
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green liver
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excess bile accumulation
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red or red-brown liver
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congestoin, very common in necropsy
diffuse or lobular |
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passive congestion in liver from heart failure
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liver is red-brown
lobular pattern most common cause of lobular pattern |
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anemia
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cause hypoxia to centrilobular cells (in the middle of the locale)
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lipid acumulation in liver
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fat accumulates in middle of lobules causes lobular pattern to liver
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heptotoxins in liver
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damages centrolobular cells in lower amounts
-if in large amounts, causes mosaic pattern |
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|
cholangitis
|
may or may not cause the lobular pattern in liver
|
|
|
mosaic pattern in liver
|
produces large, red and yellow areas in liver
uncommon -similar to lobular pattern but more sever -caused by toxins (like vit e/se deficiency in pigs, halothane) |
|
|
infectious diseases of liver
|
cause multifocal pattern
-caused by bacteria, fungi, parasite, etc -produce foci of necrosis liver is showered randomly lesions are yellow, white or tan and flat or raised |
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
primary neoplasia of liver in dogs
-single masses have better prognosis but usually large and multilobated -brow to yellow areas of fat and red areas of hemorrhage -malignant |
|
|
biliary adenocarcinoma
|
primary tumor to liver
-adenoma incidental in cats (single discrete nodule that is often cystic) adenocarcinoma: rare in dogs -multiple firm white nodules with depressed centers |
|
|
hemangiosarcoma
|
may be primary to liver in dogs
-multiple red nodules and blood filled cysts |
|
|
metastatic carcinomas and sarcomas
|
liver is common site of metastasis
-multiple firm white nodules -carcinomas tend to form lots of fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
nodular hyperplaisa
|
incidental finding in aged dogs
-solitary, discrete nodule that is soft, and tan |
|
|
regeneration of liver
|
needs intact architectural framework is necessary to regenerate
|
|
|
cirrhosis
|
nodular regeneration with fibrosis
|
|
|
chronic hepatitis
|
in dogs, unknown cause
-liver is misshapen with many nodules responsive to steroid treatment fibrosis of the liver |
|
|
post necrotic scarring
|
healing phase of massive necrosis
rare, because massive necrosis usually kills patient misshapen liver with nodules fibrosis of the liver |
|
|
chronic heart failure
|
liver is congested with lobular pattern
-produces passive congestion liver has fibrosis in centrilobular areas -increased chronic blog pressure leads to as cities uniform, smooth, good shape, light brown or white liver |
|
|
chronic cholangitis
|
rare,
caused by bacterial infection in biliary tract liver is firm and has lobular pattern similar to chronic heart failure |
|
|
portosystemic shunt
|
congenital or acquired shunting of portal blood around liver
lack of blood supply through portal vein leads to atrophy of liver cells liver gets pale and small acquired shunts occur after chronic liver disease |
|
|
distended, firm, bile ducts
|
seen in cattle and sheep with liver flukes
-bile ducts are visible on liver's surface as white, thick tortuous channels that are raised |
|
|
cholangitis
|
inflammation of bile acts
seen in cats can be infectious or immune mediated liver flukes in bile ducts cause thickening of duct walls uncommon because we don't have intermediate host for fluke may cause lobular pattern |
|
|
hemorrhage of gall bladder
|
occur in any of the bleeding disorders
|
|
|
fibrinous cholecystitis
|
salmonella infection of cattle
not commonly seen |
|
|
thick, viscous, opaque bile
|
seen in anorexic animals after a few days
normal bile is clear, yellow-green liquid |
|
|
cystic hyperplasia of gall bladder
|
uncommon incidental finding
unknown cause of dog enlarged gall bladder mucosa contains small cysts or larger papillary or nodular growth |
|
|
mucocele
|
collection of mucus in gall bladder
forms solid gel that obstructs gall bladder and leads to rupture seen in dogs mucosa has cystic hyperplasia and obstruction leads to icterus |
|
|
pustular dermatitis can be caused by (2 things)
|
infectious (fungal bacterial)
immune mediated |
|
|
pustular dermatitis descriptors
|
pustules are aggregates of neutrophils within epidermis
-pustules are present, short lived, and leave a crust -superficial bacteria: staph and dermatophytes |
|
|
pustules over hair follicles are called
|
follicultis
caused by bacteria, fungi, mites |
|
|
pemphigus folaceous
|
pustular dermatitis with antibodies against intracellular bridges of keratinocytes
|
|
|
bulla
|
fluid filled cavity greater than 5 mm diameter
|
|
|
vesicle
|
fluid filled cavity less than 5 mm diameter
caused by edema |
|
|
vesicular and bullous dermatitis descriptions
|
short lived, often rupture to leave a crust
|
|
|
hydropic degeneration
|
type of intracellular edema seen with lupus and dermatomyositis
-edema is within the basal epithelial cells drug interactions |
|
|
ballooning degeneration
|
intracellular edema within superficial keratinocytes
viral skin disease |
|
|
necrotizing dermatitis
|
necorisis of epidermis
ulceration of skin |
|
|
macule in necrotizing dermatitis
|
flat, discolored area less than 1 cm
|
|
|
papule in necrotizing dermatitis
|
slightly raised area within skin
|
|
|
deythema in necrotizing dermatitis
|
redness associated with macules and papules
|
|
|
erythema multiforme
|
necrosis of single keratinocyte
-adverse drug reaction or neoplasia |
|
|
toxic epidermal necroysis
|
severe form of erythema multiforme
adverse drug reaction or neoplasia |
|
|
burns
|
epidermi and dermis can both be necrotic
|
|
|
photosensitization
|
mostly in large animas
nonpigmented areas caused by ingestion of feed or secondary y to chronic liver disease |
|
|
systemic bacterial infections and foot rot are classified as:
|
necrotizing dermatitis
|
|
|
exudative and ulcerative dermatitis
|
disease that produce crusts or ulcers
|
|
|
allergic skin disease (exudative and ulcerative dermatitis)
|
atopy: inhaled allergen
food allergy esoinophils present: cats, horses, no dogs |
|
|
eosinophillic granuloma complex (exudative and ulcerative dermatitis)
|
common in cats, horses, dogs
produce nodules, paupules in skin and ulcers |
|
|
allerigic contact dermatitis
exudative and ulcerative dermatitis |
on sparsely haired areas
poison ivy |
|
|
irritant contact dermatitis
exudative and ulcerative dermatitis |
drugs, soaps, acids, detergent etc
sparsely haired areas |
|
|
pyotraumatic dermatitis
exudative and ulcerative dermatitis |
hot spots
self inflicted trauma from allergic skin disease |
|
|
hyperkeratotic disease
|
excess keratin on skin surface
flakes, scales dandruff produced |
|
|
orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis
hyperkeratotic disease |
nondiagnosistic
keratinized cells lack nuclei |
|
|
parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
|
excess keratin, nuclei retained
severe, is diagnostic of zinc and vitamin a def |
|
|
seborrhea
|
overacitve sebaceous glands
rare primary disease in cockers can be secondary to allergies, parasites, infectection, etc |
|
|
hyperplastic dermatitis
|
occurs in any chronic skin disease
skin is thickened and leathery can get hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Epithelial Neoplasia
|
squamous cell carcinoma: locally invasive, low metastatic, very responsive to treatment.
melanoma: skin (benign) oral (malignant) papilloma: benign intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma: rare benign tumor |
|
|
perivascular dermatitis
|
all inflammation of skin arises from blood vessel in dermis
eosinophils a are indicative of parasites or allergies |
|
|
inerface and lichenoid dermatitis
|
seen together in many autoimmune diseases
interface: inflammation of superficial dermis at epidermal/dermal junction lichenoid; dense band of inflammation of superficial epidermis sharpy demarcated |
|
|
nnodular dermatitis is caused by (2 things)
|
inflammation or neoplasia
|
|
|
nodular dermatitis description
|
nodules are firm swellings in skin that have secondary ulcerations
|
|
|
sterile granulomatous nodular dermatitis
|
dogs only
inflammation of dermis centered on adnexa |
|
|
furniculosis
|
hair follicles rupture
|
|
|
panniculitis
|
inflammation of fat in subcutis
physical injury, nutritional, idiopathic, vit e def |
|
|
alopecia
|
primary: endocrine skin disease (most common hypothyroidism)
secondary: any type of skin disorder |
|
|
histyocytoma (dermal)
|
benign dogs less than 2 years, regresses
|
|
|
mast cell tumor
|
common in dogs
benign or malignant |
|
|
sarcoid
|
fibroblast tumor of horses
very common benign bovine papiloma virus |
|
|
lipoma
|
common in dogs
|
|
|
hemangioma
|
vascular endothelium
|
|
|
hemangiopericytoma
|
in dogs, high rate of recurrence, rarely metastatic
|
|
|
plasma cell tumor
|
uncommon benign tumor of dogs
|
|
|
fibroma
|
dog and cat from fibroblast
from vaccines in cats |
|
|
sebaceous gland tumor
|
adenoma or adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
perianal gland tumor
|
very common in male dogs usually benign
|
|
|
basal cell tumor
|
most primitive of adnexal tumors
|
|
|
progenitor cells
|
trichoepithelioma: common in dogs benign
aprocrine gland tumor: uncommon in dogs, cats pilomatricoma: rare benign tumor of dogs |
