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326 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Lymph Node Hyperplasia
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1) Painful on palpation
2) Plasma cell proliferation 3) Increase of activity and size of lymphoid follicular area 4) Mottled appearance |
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Characteristics of Lymph Node Neoplasia
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1) Non-painful
2) Soft and squishy 3) Homogenous appearance |
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What species is/are Senile Atrophy commonly seen in?
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Horses and Dogs
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Characteristics of Senile Atrophy of Lymph Node
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-Small nodes
-Lymph nodes are depleted of lymphoid cells -Spleen atrophic, small, and thick capsule as well -Usually animal still functions |
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Characteristics of Hemorrhagic Lymphadenopathy
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-Relatively common
-Nodes draining hemorrhagic area -Erythrophagocytosis present -Limited diagnostic value |
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What is Anthracosis?
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-Presence of foreign pigments or substances in nodes
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Characteristics of Anthracosis
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-Pigment-laden macrophages present in nodes
-Most common in pulmonary nodes and GI tract -Can be associated with tattoos |
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How do Lymph Nodes appear grossly with Hemorrhagic Lymphadenopathy or Anthracosis?
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DARK
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What is lymphadenitis?
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Non-specific inflammation of lymph node, which is frequently secondary to an infection in tissues drained by lymph node
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Types of Lymphadenitis
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Suppurative, Granulomatous, or Combination
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What is a rule out for lymphadenitis?
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Neoplasia-- histiologic pattern of inflammation and the cell types present confirm lymphadenitis
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What species is/are most commonly affected by Caseous Lymphadenitis?
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Small Ruminants-- Goats and Sheep
Goats: typically head and neck nodes Sheep: typically dermal, prescapular, or precrural nodes |
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What bacterium is most commonly associated with Caseous Lymphadenitis?
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
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What are virulence factors of the bacterium that causes Caseous Lymphadenitis?
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-Exotoxin produced increases vascular permeability, which helps increase its spread
-Also has a leukotoxic surface lipid that aids survival -Can survive up to 5 months in the environment |
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How does the bacterium cause Caseous Lymphadenitis?
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-Introduced via a surface wound--> local infection--> local lymphadenitis
-Encapsulated, Expand, Repeat--> laminated appearance of abscess -Can progress to lung, liver, spleen, or kidney--> chronic wasting |
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What retroviruses are associated with Caseous Lymphadenitis?
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-Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
-Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis |
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Is Caseous Lymphadenitis zoonotic?
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YES
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What species is/are Purulent Lymphadenitis commonly found in?
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Horses, Swine, and Dogs
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What bacterium is commonly associated with Purulent Lymphadenitis?
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Streptococcal sp.
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Characteristics of Purulent Lymphadenitis?
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-Suppurative
-Nodes develop abscesses w/ green, odorless pus (neutrophils) |
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Purulent Lymphadenitis in Horses
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-Strangles
-Streptococcus equi spp. equi -"Bastard Strangles" may develop |
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Characteristics of Granulomatous Lymphadenitis
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-Infiltration of nodes w/ macrophages
-Splenomegaly also seen from macrophage infiltration |
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Disease Rule Outs with Granulomatous Lymphadenitis:
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-Histoplasmosis
-Leishmaniasis -Tuberculosis |
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What is Lymphoma?
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-Any neoplastic disorder of lymphoid tissue
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Characteristics of Lymphoma
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-No neoplastic lymphocytes circulating
-Painless lymphadenopathy -HOMOGENOUS, tan/grey nodes that are large and soft -Usually disseminated in multiple nodes--> generalized node enlargement -Many types! |
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Characteristics of Small Lymphocyte Lymphoma
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-Small cells with scant basophillic cytoplasm
-Mitoses are RARE -Nuclei are dark with little evidence of nucleoli or structure -Progress more slowly |
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Characteristics of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
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-Large, actively dividing
-Rapidly progresses |
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Characteristics of Canine Malignant Lymphoma
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-VERY common
-15% are HYPERcalcemic b/c lymphoma releases parathyroid-like hormone -Generalized Node Enlargement |
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Characteristics of Leukemia
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-Neoplastic lymphocytes are circulating
-Bone marrow involvement--> occurs when 50% of bone marrow is affected -Animal is usually also anemic, thrombocytopenic, neutropenic |
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What species is/are commonly affected by Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia and at what age?
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-Cats and Calves <1 yr old
-Dogs <5 yr old |
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In what species is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia viral associated?
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Cats
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Characteristics of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
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-Bone marrow involvement
-Lymph nodes are NOT enlarged in Dogs and Cats -Lymph nodes ARE enlarged in Calves |
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In what species is/are Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia commonly found?
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-Cats, Cattle, Dogs >8 yr. old
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Characteristics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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-Profound Lymphocytosis
-Moderate Anemia -Infiltrated Liver that is pale and reticulated -Splenomegaly |
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What is another name for Secretory or Non-secretory Immunoblastic Sarcoma?
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Myeloma or Multiple Myeloma
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Characteristics of Secretory or Non-secretory Immunoblastic Sarcoma
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-Lymphomas resemble plasma cells
-Metastasize to bone or marrow--> lyse flat bone--> painful |
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Transmission of Secretory or Non-secretory Immunoblastic Sarcoma
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-Fly bites, secretions, biting, scratching
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Characteristics of Secretory Immunoblastic Sarcoma
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-Monoclonal gamma-globulin spike
-Hyperviscous blood -Irreversible hypotension with anesthesia -Enlarged spleen with infarcts |
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What species is/are Cutaneous Lymphoma MOST commonly found in?
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Most Commonly in Cattle
(Also in horses, dogs, etc) |
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Characteristics of Cutaneous Lymphoma
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-Small, round, hard skin plaques
-Slowly progress -Early diagnoses REALLY helps |
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What would explain a congenital immunodeficiency and lack of B-cells, T-cells, or both?
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Congenital Lack of Thymus
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Characteristics of Congenital Immunodeficiency
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-Small Thymus, Lymph Nodes, and Spleen
-Virtually NO circulating lymphocytes -Sinuses of spleen are cellular but small arterioles have no cuffs |
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What species and breed is Congenital Immunodeficiency commonly found in?
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Arabian Foals (recessive gene)
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How do you diagnose Congenital Immunodeficiency?
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-Hematologic Parameters
-DNA testing |
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What is Milk Goiter?
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Congenitally large, anteriorly placed thymus
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Who would you commonly find Milk Goiter in?
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Nubian Goat Kids
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Is Milk Goiter a permanent condition?
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No, it regresses with age
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Are Inflammatory Changes of the Thymus rare or common?
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Relatively Rare
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What are characteristics of Inflammatory Changes of the Thymus in the FOAL?
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-Associated with Rhinopneumonititis Abortion or Herpes Virus
-Necrotizing lesions with prominent intranuclear inclusions |
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What are characteristics of Inflammatory Changes of the Thymus in the CAT?
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-Thymic atrophy by the time of death
-Associated with Panleukopenia (parvoviral) |
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2 Consequences of Thymic Neoplasia
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1) Compromise normal respiratory excursion
2) Malignant potential to spread |
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What species is/are Thymic Lymphoma found?
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Dogs, Cats, and Calves
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Characteristics of Thymic Lymphoma in CATS
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-30% of ALL feline lymphoma
-Usually present with acute respiratory distress -Associated with Leukemia virus |
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Characteristics of Bovine Thymic Lymphoma
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-Common in beef cattle
-NOT associated with bovine leukemia virus |
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General Characteristics of Thymic Lymphoma
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-Compress lungs and vascular structures
-Compromises vascular return to the heart -Malignant -Other lymph organs usually involved -Masses can be VERY large |
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Characteristics of Lymphoid Thymoma
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-Look grossly like Lymphoma--> but NOT malignant
-In a BAD location -Encapsulated -Expansive -Respiratory Failure |
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What species is/are Lymphoid Thymoma commonly seen in?
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-Dog, sheep, goat
-rarely horse |
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Characteristics of Lymphoepithelial Thymoma
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-Encapsulated
-Involve lymphoid AND epithelial component -Lymphocytes scattered with tight whirls of fusiform epithelial cells |
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What species is/are Lymphoepithelial Thymoma most commonly found in?
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-Sheep and Goats
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What species is/are Lymphoepithelial Thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis (autoimmune disorder)?
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Dogs
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Characteristics of Accessory Spleens
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-Common congenital variation
-Small -In gastrosplenic omentum |
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Characteristics of Duplication of Spleen
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-LETHAL in swine
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Characteristics of Progeny Spleens
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-Develop from implantation post rupture usually from trauma
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Characteristics of Senile Atrophy
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-Shrunken, tough, fibrous
-Regions of mineralization and hemosiderosis |
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Species Senile Atrophy is/are commonly seen in
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Dogs and Horses
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Characteristics of Splenic Amyloidosis
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-Rarely sole organ of amyloid deposition
-Usually NOT direct cause of death (kidneys also have amyloidosis--> renal failure--> death) -Other storage diseases also exist but not of great significance as in other organs |
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Characteristics of Siderotic Plaques
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-Degenerative change (common)
-Accumulation of fibrous tissue, macrophages, hemosiderin, and mineral -Capsular -Grey or tan plaques -Most likely resolved end-stage of capsular hemorrhage |
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What species is/are Siderotic Plaques routine in?
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Dogs
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Characteristics of Splenic Rupture
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-Can lead to death via anemia
-Usually post traumatic -Many heal very well (fibrous scar or 2+ spleens) -Big, fragile spleen prone to rupture -Always look for the underlying cause |
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What species is/are Splenic Torsion commonly found in?
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Dogs and pigs
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Characteristics of Splenic Torsion
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-Usually Gastro-splenic torsion
-Usually fatal -Spleen engorges dramatically from compromised venous drainage |
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Characteristics of Splenic Infarction
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-Whole organ or smaller portion
-Wedge shaped infarcts in parenchyma -Usually indicative of problems elsewhere |
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What pathogens is Splenic Infarction particularly associated with?
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-Hog Cholera
-Vegetative Endocarditis |
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Characteristics of Splenic Infarction in Horses
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-Related to abscess
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Characteristics of Splenic Infarction in Cattle
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-Related to forestomach disease (ulcer, trauma, etc...)
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What are the 2 major causes of Splenomegaly?
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-Congestion
-Infiltration |
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Causes of Congestive Splenomegaly
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-Bacterial Infection (Anthrax)
-Barbituate Anesthesia or Euthanasia |
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Presentation of Congestive Splenomegaly
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-Dark
-Ooze blood -Enlarged |
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Anthrax and Congestive Splenomegaly
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-Spores are commonly found in alkaline soils with decaying vegetation
-Initial lymphadenitis and lymphangitis -Septicemia -Rapidly fatal -Treat with Penicillin -Swine are more resistant |
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Causes of Infiltrative Splenomegaly
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-Immune Mediated Disease
-Neoplasia |
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Immune Mediated Infiltrative Splenomegaly
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-Kinda big
-Infiltrative by macrophage due to hemolytic disease -Macrophages that remove RBC are selectively removed as percolate through the parenchyma |
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Hemolytic Diseases associated with Immune Mediated Infiltrative Splenomegaly
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-Hemolytic anemia in dogs
-Parasitic anemia (Anaplasmosis of Cattle) -Hemoprotozoa |
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Neoplastic Infiltrative Splenomegaly
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-Nearly all of Hematopoietic Cell Lines--mast cells, macrophages, lymphoma
-Round Cell Neoplasia (uniformly inflitrated) -Spleen appears enlarged, pale, fragile -Diffuse, pale, soft spleen |
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Characteristics of Scattered Pinpoint Foci of Spleen
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-Spleen is pale and small
-Occurs commonly with Septicemias -Targets the White Pulp (lymphoid tissue) -Lymphoma can also be the cause |
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Septicemias associated with Scattered Pinpoint Foci of the Spleen
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-Enteric Salmonellosis (via endotoxin)
-Equine Rhinopneumonitis -Herpes Virus |
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Splenomegaly Rule Outs for Cattle, Sheep, and Goats:
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-Anthrax
-Salmonellosis -Lymphoma -Babeiosis -Trypanosomiasis -Anaplasmosis -Congestive Splenomegaly -Acute Sepsis with bacteremia/toxemia |
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Splenomegaly Rule Outs for Horses:
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-Equine Infectious Anemia
-Lymphoma -Metastatic Melanoma -Isoimmune Hemolytic Anemia -Salmonellosis -Anthrax |
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Splenomegaly Rule Outs for Swine:
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-Torsion
-Congestive Splenomegaly -Salmonellosis -Erysipelas -Lymphoma -Isoimmune Hemolytic Anemia -Protozoal Blood Diseases |
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Splenomegaly Rule Outs for Dogs and Cats:
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-Barbituates
-Lymphoma -Aquired Hemolytic Anemia -Histoplasmosis -Amyloidosis -Leishmaniasis -Torsion -Mast Cell Tumor -Malignant Histocytosis |
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What species is/are Nodular Hyperplasia of Spleen found in/
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Dog (usually mature dog)
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General Characteristics of Nodular Hyperplasia
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-Blood filled to pale mass
-Soft to Firm -Benign |
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Characteristics of Hemangiosarcoma
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-Most common solitary mass of canine spleen
-Rupture with lethal hemorrhage or large hemotoma |
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What is the most common metastatic neoplasm of the spleen?
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Sarcoma
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What is the most common type of surface plaques of the spleen?
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Carcinoma (usually from the pancreas or ovary)
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Characteristics of Splenic Lymphoma
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-Occurs as solitary mass
-Fleshy, pale, homogenous -Defies any rule or stereotype it wants |
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Characteristics of Myeloproliferative Diseases
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-Medullary and extramedullary proliferation of 1+ bone marrow cell lines
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Characteristics of Myeloproliferative Diseases in Dogs
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-RARE
-5% of all hematopoietic neoplasia |
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Characteristics of Myeloproliferative Diseases in Cats
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-up to 25% of all hematopoietic neoplasia
-usually related to Feline Leukemia |
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Characteristics of Mast Cell Neoplasm
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-Usually cutaneous
-Can affect ANY tissue in the body -Associated with Splenomegaly and Hepatomegaly (esp in CATS) |
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Characteristics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
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-RARE
-Qualitative or quantitative disorder of myeloid cells that may or may not progress to neoplasm -Line between Myelodysplasia and Neoplasia is subtle |
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Characteristics of Intracellular Erythrocyte Destruction
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-Via macrophages
-Remove damaged or scenescent cells -Can occur in bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes -Rate of destruction increases with increased surface abnormalities (ex: hemangiosarcoma) OR immune-mediated hemolysis -Splenomegaly |
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Characteristics of Intravascular Erythrocyte Destruction
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-Erythrocyte contents released into bloodstream--> Hemoglobinemia results--> filters through kidneys--> hemoglobinurea results
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What induces Intravascular Erythrocyte Destruction
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-Toxins (Red Maple Leaves in horses)
-Leptospirosis -Clostridia |
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Characteristics of Anemia
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-Too few RBC
-Determined by Clinical Pathology |
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Characteristics of Chronic Anemia
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-Bone Marrow responds
-Long bone--> red instead of fatty -Extramedullary hematopoiesis present in spleen and other organs |
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Causes of Chronic Anemia
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-Heredity
-Nutrition -Immune Mediated -Drug Induced -Infection -Cu Toxicosis |
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Infections that commonly cause Chronic Anemia
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-Equine Infectious Anemia
-Leptospirosis -Hemoprotozoa |
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Characteristics of Brachen Fern Toxicosis
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-Decrease hematopoiesis (via hemopoietic toxin)
-Cattle develop widespread hemorrhage due to thrombocytpenia and increased capillary fragility -Granulocytopenia--> bacterial embolism--> more hemorrhage -Thiaminases also in Brachen |
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Characteristics of Feline Panleukemia
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-Parvovirus
-Attacks rapidly growing cells -Lymphoid, Bone Marrow, and Intestinal Epithelium SEVERELY affected -Mimics radiation poisoning -Thymic atrophy -Depletion of lymphoid tissue in the spleen |
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Characteristics of Myelophthisic Anemia
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-Bone Marrow is replaced by tissue other than hemopoietic tissues
-Lymphoma, Osteodystrophy Fibrosa, or Osteopetrosis -Must examine bone marrow grossly to diagnose |
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Characteristics of Hemorrhagic Diatheses
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-Widespread hemorrhages throughout the body
-Includes congenital hemophilias and acquired defects in hemostasis |
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Congenital Hemophilias
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Von Willebrand's
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Aquired Defects in Hemostasis
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-Purpura hemorrhagica in horses
-Anticoagulant toxicosis (Sweet Clover Toxicosis, Dicoumarin) -hepatic Disease |
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Characteristics of Hyperplasia of Endocrine Organs
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-Proliferative in response to stimulus
-Do NOT compress surrounding tissues -Well differentiated cells |
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Characteristics of Benign Neoplastic Cells
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-Proliferate without stimulus and autonomously
-Compress surrounding tissues -May or may not be funcitonal |
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Characteristics of Malignant Neoplasm
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-Poorly differentiated
-Invasive -Adenoma and Carcinoma common |
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What is a Primary Dysfunction of an Endocrine Organ?
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-Within the organ itself
-Associated with some gross or microscopic lesion -Examples: Functional Adenoma, Parathyroid Adenoma, Thyroid Hyperplasia |
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What is a Secondary Dysfunction of an Endocrine Organ?
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-Related to a change in underlying physiologic signal of:
-----pituitary or other trophic gland -----blood level of some substance -----release of hormonally active substance from neoplastic cells -----hyperfunctional trophic glands (due to metabolic defect, ablation in surgery, lesion) |
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What are the causes for loss of function of an endocrine organ?
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-Immune Mediated Destruction
-Hypoplasia/Congenital lack of tissue -Inborn errors of metabolism -Loss of function of trophic organ |
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What species is/are Juvenille Panhypopituitarism most common in?
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DOGS
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Characteristics of Juvenille Panhypopituitarism
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-No oropharyngeal epithelium--> no adenohypophysis
-Anterior pituitary just mucin filled cyst that enlarges and compresses normal tissue -Small puppylike stature -Hair falls out -Never Reproduce -Heterozygotes--> low somatomedin but phenotypically normal |
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Characteristics of Dwarfism due to Pituitary Malfunction
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-Not commonly the cause of dwarfism
-Number of species can be affected -Teratogens and genetic origin -Acidophils are degranulated |
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Characteristics of Pituitary Adenoma
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-MOST common pituitary problem
-Functional or Non-functional -Space occupying lesion that causes hyperfunction or hypofunction -ACTH secreting adenoma causes secondary adrenocortical hyperplasia -Acidophil adenoma cause acromegaly or diabetes, especially in cats |
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Presentation of Pituitary Adenoma
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-Horses with them have PU/PD, polyphagia, hyperhidrosis, hirsutism, hyperpyrexia
-In dogs, cats, and parakeets: PU/PD, cachexia |
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General Overview of Parathyroid
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-Composed of Chief and Oxyphil Cells
-Secrete Parathormone in response to blood Ca and Mg levels -Not pituitary dependent |
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Characteristics of Hypoparathyroidism
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-Rare but life threatening because of Ca balance
-May be secondary to Lymphocytic Parathyroiditis in dogs --> lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration into the organ--> fibrosis -Rarely caused by congenital abscence -May occur post-partum cows and bitches |
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Characteristics of Hyperparathyroidism
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-Chronic
-More common -May be Primary or Secondary |
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Characteristics of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
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-Rare
-Increased Ca -Usually due to functional adenoma or carcinoma -Following removal, will recover normal function but monitor patient closely |
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Causes of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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-Kidney Failure
-Nutritional Cause |
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Characteristics of Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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-Decreased Ca
-Faulty Ca/P ratio |
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Characteristics of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism due to Kidney Failure
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-Kidney's can't get rid of P
-[P] VERY high--> decrease in [Ca] -Parathyroid triggered to release parathormone to try and increase [Ca] -BUT [Ca] CAN'T increase because [P] is VERY VERY high -Parathyroid is still stimulated -Osteolysis continues -Rubber Jaw |
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Characteristics of Pseudoparathyroidism
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-Occurs with certain neoplastic diseases (Lymphosarcoma and Anal Sac Gland Carcinoma)
-Parathormone-like compound secreted -Increased [Ca] |
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Characteristics of Small Accessory Thyroid
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-Common (50% of dogs)
-No clinical problem -Found at base of heart or normal thyroid location |
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Characteristics of Congenital Aplasia of the Thyroid
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-Very Rare
-Quickly Lethal |
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Characteristics of Degenerative Lesions of Thyroid
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-Rarely cause metabolic dysfunction
-Ex: Corpora Amylacea (mineralization), Lipofuscin, Amyloid |
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Causes of Hypothyroidism
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-Secondary to pituitary lesion (rare)
-Idopathic Atrophy (most common cause) -Lymphocytic Thyroiditis |
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Characteristics of Thyroid Hyperplasia
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-Morphologic Diagnosis (may or may not lead to altered physiologic state)
-Goiter |
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What is Goiter?
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-Any enlargement of Thyroid
-Hyperplastic to neoplastic leison -Lack of Iodine |
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Pathogenesis of Solid Hyperplasia
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-Thyroid produces TSH
-[I] DECREASED and [TSH] Increased -[T4] LOW -Solid Hyperplasia |
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Pathogenesis of Colloid Goiter
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-Thyroid produces TSH
-[I] DECREASED and [TSH] Increased -[T4] Increases -Compensation has occurred |
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Brassica and Thyroid Hyperplasia
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-Goitrogens
-Interfere with Thyroid Function |
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Nutrition and Thyroid Hyperplasia
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-Low Iodine Diet--> limits Thyroxin produced
-High Iodine Diet--> interferes with thyroid iodide trapping, increased [I] inhibits enzymes |
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Characteristics of Multinodular Hyperplasia
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-In Cats
-Enlarged thyroid -Benign change -Frequently accompanied by clinical hyperthyroidism (increased T4) |
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Characteristics of Equine Hyperplastic Thyroid
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-Older horses
-Clinical Hyperthroidism RARE |
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What species is/are Inherited Dysmorphogenetic Goiter found in?
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-Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
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Characteristics of Inherited Dysmorphogenetic Goiter
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-Secondary to inborn errors
-Thyroid unable to raise Thyroxin levels BUT still stimulated by pituitary to do so |
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Characteristics of Benign Neoplasm of Thyroid
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-RARE
-Arise from Follicular Cells -Trabecular, oxyphilic, and papillary forms |
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What species is/are Malignant Neoplasms of Thyroid most commonly found in?
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DOGS
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Characteristics of Malignant Neoplasms
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-Growth patterns: follicular, compact, papillary, undifferentiated, small cell, giant cell, malignant, mixed
-HIGHLY malignant--> metastasize directly to the lung -Carcinoma most common |
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Characteristics of C-Cell Hyperplasia
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-C-Cells secrete calcitonin to decrease [Ca] (counteract parathyroid)
-Prolonged high calcium diet--> C-Cell Hyperplasia -Some are malignant -Occurs also in horses |
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Zones of the Adrenal Cortex
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-Zona Glomerulosa
-----Minerlaocorticoids -----NOT pituitary dependent -Zona Fasciculada -----Glucocorticoids -----Pituitary dependent -Zona Reticularis -----Sex Steroids -----Pituitary dependent |
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Characteristics of Congenital Abscence
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-RARE
-Quickly fatal |
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Characteristics of Accessory Adrenal Cortex
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-Fairly common
-Yellow color -Near gonads of cats and horses (embryologic origin similar and steroidogenic) |
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Characteristics of Adrenal Hypoplasia/Atrophy
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-Usually secondary to geralized pituitary problem
-Zona Glomerulaosa more resistant b/c not pituitary dependent |
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Characteristics of Mineralization of Adrenal Cortex
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-Decrease function
-30% of old cats and 6% of old dogs |
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Causes of Hypothyroidism
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-Secondary to pituitary lesion (rare)
-Idopathic Atrophy (most common cause) -Lymphocytic Thyroiditis |
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Characteristics of Thyroid Hyperplasia
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-Morphologic Diagnosis (may or may not lead to altered physiologic state)
-Goiter |
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What is Goiter?
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-Any enlargement of Thyroid
-Hyperplastic to neoplastic leison -Lack of Iodine |
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Pathogenesis of Solid Hyperplasia
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-Thyroid produces TSH
-[I] DECREASED and [TSH] Increased -[T4] LOW -Solid Hyperplasia |
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Pathogenesis of Colloid Goiter
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-Thyroid produces TSH
-[I] DECREASED and [TSH] Increased -[T4] Increases -Compensation has occurred |
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Causes of Hypothyroidism
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-Secondary to pituitary lesion (rare)
-Idopathic Atrophy (most common cause) -Lymphocytic Thyroiditis |
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Characteristics of Thyroid Hyperplasia
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-Morphologic Diagnosis (may or may not lead to altered physiologic state)
-Goiter |
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What is Goiter?
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-Any enlargement of Thyroid
-Hyperplastic to neoplastic leison -Lack of Iodine |
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Pathogenesis of Solid Hyperplasia
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-Thyroid produces TSH
-[I] DECREASED and [TSH] Increased -[T4] LOW -Solid Hyperplasia |
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Pathogenesis of Colloid Goiter
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-Thyroid produces TSH
-[I] DECREASED and [TSH] Increased -[T4] Increases -Compensation has occurred |
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Characteristics of Capsular Sclerosis
|
-Fibrosis with Contraction
-Common in old cows with follicular cysts |
|
|
Characteristics of Amyloid Deposition
|
-Cause of Adrenal Failure
-Usually in other organs too |
|
|
Characteristics of Hemorrhagic Adrenal Glands
|
-Following stressful/painful incidents
-Common incidental finding -Rarely causes adrenal failure -Inflammatory lesions--> adrenal hemorrhage |
|
|
What virus is associated with Hemorrhagic Adrenal Glands in fetal or neonate patient?
|
-Herpes Virus
-Death usually due to failure of other organ |
|
|
What is another cause of Hemorrhagic Adrenal Glands in fetal or neonatal patient?
|
-Aberrant migration of parasite (rare)
|
|
|
Causes of Atrophy of Adrenal Cortex
|
-Idiopathic (most common)
-Secondary to inflammation -Secondary to pituitary lesion that decreases ACTH |
|
|
Characteristics of Nodular Hyperplasia of Adrenal Cortex
|
-Common finding in older animals
-Not associated with hyperfunction -Diffuse Hyperplasia can occur -Secondary to excess pituitary secretion of ACTH (usually functional, such as in Cushings disease) |
|
|
Neoplasm of Adrenal Cortex
|
-RARE
-Adenomas in dog especially -Occasionally functional -Carcinoma rarer (occasionally bilateral) |
|
|
Characteristics of Phechromocytoma
|
-Neoplasm of Adrenal Medullary Cells
-Benign or Malignant -Some are functional -Present with collapsing episodes -Invade caudal vena cava -Excessive secretion of vasoactive amines |
|
|
Characteristics of Chemoreceptor Neoplasm
|
-Carotid and Aortic Body
-Benign or Malignant -Usually at base of the heart -Rule out for heart base mass |
|
|
What are Pancreatic Islet Lesions?
|
-any lesion affecting exocrine pancreas can also effect islets simply due to their location in the pancreas
|
|
|
Characteristics of Pancreatic Islet Lesions in Dogs:
|
Cause diabetes in dogs
|
|
|
Characteristics of Pancreatic Islet Lesions in Cats:
|
-Inflammatory lesions are more specific and tend to spare the exocrine pancreas
-lymphocytic -result in diabetes mellitus -can be secondary to virus -can be autoimmune -amyloidosis can also be cause |
|
|
Characteristics of Insulinomas
|
-Hypglycemia
-Attack beta-cells --> increase insulin |
|
|
Characteristics of Gastinomas
|
-Target delta-cells
-Stimulate hypersecretion of stomach acid -Cause duodenal and pyloric ulcers |
|
|
Background of Reproductive Pathology
|
-Gonadal differentiation
-Differentiation of tubular tract depends on gonadal hormones -Depends on migration of germ cells to gonad -Development of mammalian testes depends on H-y Antigen -H-y+ codes for male -H-y- default female |
|
|
Characteristics of Hermaphrodite
|
-Intersex animals
-Have both ovarian and testicular tissue -1 ovary & 1 testes OR 1 ovotestis -RARE -x-linked in dogs |
|
|
Characteristics of Male Pseudohermaphrodites
|
-Have testes but female tubular tract
-Uterus is well developed but usually they develop pyometra that leads to death |
|
|
Characteristics of Male Pseudohermaphrodites in Swine
|
-Differentiated testes
-Uterus becomes fluid filled--> hydrometra--> pyometra--> peritonitis--> death |
|
|
Characteristics of Male Pseudohermaphrodites in Dogs
|
-Testes retained in abdomen
-Neoplasm of Sertoli Cells -Neoplasm secretes steroids--> stimulates endometrium--> endometrial hypoplasia -Pyometra -Genetic Etiology |
|
|
Characteristics of Male Pseudohermaphrodites in Goats
|
-Hypospadias (failure of penis to close around urethra)
-Chryptorchid -Common in homozygous polled swiss goats -Males are genetically female |
|
|
Characteristics of Testicular Ferminization
|
-Normal testes
-XY Karyotype -Somatic tissues resistant to androgens (no development takes place in tubular tract) -Does still produce Paramesonephric Regressing Factor--> lack of female tubular tract |
|
|
Characteristics of Ovarian Hypoplasia
|
-Complete or partial
-Secondary to inadequate number of germ cells -Gonad is small, elongated, and groovy -Lacks follicles -If not complete, partially fertile |
|
|
What species is/are Ovarian Hypoplasia common?
|
Cattle
|
|
|
Characteristics of Accessory Ovaries
|
-Usually at medial pole of ovary
-Causes problems when ovariectomized--> frequently left in and cause animal to cycle |
|
|
Characteristics of Ovulation Tags
|
-Fibrous tissue or fine adhesions between ovary and bursa
-Remain after clotting of the follicular fluid post ovulation -Severe, dense ones may result from inflammatory disease--> problematic -Overall, usually little ones are not a problem |
|
|
What is Oophoritis?
|
-Inflammation of the ovary
|
|
|
Characteristics of Oophoritis
|
-Not very common
-Ovary surface is reddened -Chronic stage--> adhesions usually noticed and compromise fertility -Ascend up uterine tube to ovary -Rare in nonruminant b/c uterotubal junction is tight |
|
|
Causes of Oophoritis
|
-Tuberculosis in Cattle
-Bacteria |
|
|
Characteristics of Female Pseudohermaphrodites
|
-VERY rare
-Androgenital syndrome -Ovaries are normal -Abnormal enzyme system in adrenal cortex -Androgens produced -Induce male tubular tract -Ovaries don't descend into scrotum |
|
|
Characteristics of Freemartin
|
-95% of all heifers born as twins to bull calves
-Chorioallantoic circulation of placentas fuse -Exchange of both cells and hormones -Suppression of female characteristics -Enhancement of male characteristics |
|
|
Female Tract of Freemartin
|
-Normal Vestibule
-Short, small, or nonexistant vagina -Uterus has no body -No cervix -Small gonads -Minimal ovarian activity -May develop ovarian follicle |
|
|
Male Tract of Freemartin
|
-Seminal vesicles
-Masculinized ovary |
|
|
Characteristics of Paraovarian Cysts
|
-around--NOT--in ovary
-spherical and fluid filled -remnants of mesonephric tubules or duct -usually no consequences to fertility -LARGE--> can cause pressure necrosis -NO PAPILLARY PROJECTIONS |
|
|
Characteristics of Cysts of Rete Ovarii
|
-Located in hilus of ovary and mesovarium
-Epoophoron: @ anterior pole -Paroophoron: @ posterior pole (rare) -Papillary projections into lumen -Embryonic structures that can become cystic -Senile change in Guinea Pigs -Destroys ovarian tissue in prepubertal cats |
|
|
Characteristics of Germinal Inclusion Cysts
|
-Follow ovulation
-Small part of germinal epithelium trapped in ovarian stroma -Secretion--> cyst develops -Usually small and no problem (except in mare) |
|
|
Germinal Inclusion Cysts in the mare
|
-Fibria is close to area of ovulation--> cyst block ovulation
-Problem in sport horses that try to be bred -Rare in brood mares |
|
|
What species is/are Cyst of Subsurface Epithelial Structures common?
|
Bitch
|
|
|
Characteristics of Cyst of Subsurface Epithelial Structures
|
-Epithelium projects into ovary usually BUT becomes cystic
-Become larger, hyperplastic structure with estrogen |
|
|
What are Atretic and Graffian Follicles?
|
-Physiologic
-Can be palpated |
|
|
What are Cystic Follicles?
|
-Pathologic
-Failure of LH Release -Can palpate: >2cm -Large and thin walled -Granulosa cells degenerate to leave fibrous theca layer -Hormone mixture produced -Give GnRH to elicit LH spike and resolvement |
|
|
What are Luteinized Cysts?
|
-Pathologic
-Cystic follicles that have luteinized -Thick, yellow wall of luteal cells but NO papilla since ovulation never occured -Enough LH release BUT no ovulation -Cystic follicle to Luteinized Cyst -Give Prostaglandin F2alpha to resolve |
|
|
What are Cystic Corpora Lutea?
|
-Physiologic in cattle
-Function completely normal -Normal CL with cystic activity -HAS papilla -Result from ovulation and entrapment of follicular fluid causing the cyst -Cyst fills with tissue in most cases -Concentration of progesterone is higher in cystic CLs than noncystic ones |
|
|
Characteristics of Tubo-ovarian Cysts
|
-Occur post-inflammation (like oophoritis)
-Common in cattle -Involve only the uterine tube -Tubular shape |
|
|
Characteristics of Cystic Ovarian Bursa
|
-Occur post-inflammation (like oophoritis)
-Common in cattle -Large and irregular -Envelop entire ovary |
|
|
Single Large Cyst of the Mare
|
-Remnants of Granulosa Cell Tumors (neoplasm)
-Single honker -Stimulate production of fibrous tissue in the wall via action of estrogenic steroid -Fibrous tissue matures--> collagen contracts--> shuts off blood supply--> Necrotic tissue liquifies -Rare |
|
|
What are the main cell types of Ovarian Neoplasia?
|
-Luteal Cells
-Theca Cells -Granulosa Cells |
|
|
Characteristics of Granulosa Cell Tumors
|
-More likely to occur singly
-Firm, white, and cystic or solid -Dense, fibrous, and follicular structure -Tend to be unilateral -Common in mare -Secretes hormones (90% produce testosterone--> stallion like behavior) |
|
|
Characteristics of Thecoma and Luteoma
|
-Solid and can be firm to soft
-White to gold orange |
|
|
Benign Ovarian Neoplasia Characteristics
|
-Smooth surface
|
|
|
Malignant Ovarian Neoplasia Characteristics
|
-Rougher and implant throughout peritoneum
-Shaggy -CL are VERY vascular--> can be site of metastasis of neoplasms from many areas of the body |
|
|
What is Ovarian Dysgerminoma?
|
-Neoplasm of germ cells of ovary
|
|
|
Characteristics of Ovarian Dysgerminoma?
|
-Not common
-Grey and soft -Very pleuromorphic (HIGH mitotic rate) -Metastases are rare -Foci of lymphocytes in them -Teratoma (ecto-, meso-, endo-derm in them) |
|
|
Characteristics of Papillary Adenocarcinomas
|
-Surface cells and subsurface epithelial cells of bitch can be cystic
-Start out within bursa -Enlarge and protrudes through bursa -Pieces break off -Small pieces implant in peritoneum (can plug up diaphragmatic lymphatics and cause ascites) -Rarely arise from Rete Ovarii -Unless ovary examined, primary neoplasm is missed |
|
|
Characteristics of Mesonephric Duct Uterine Tube Cyst
|
-In the wall of uterine tube or closely adjacent to it
-Cystic remnants of male tubular tract -Not part of tube and don't compromise lumen -Spherical |
|
|
Characteristics of Paramesonephric Duct Uterine Tube Cyst
|
-Spherical
-Don't effect fertility |
|
|
What species is/are Inflammatory Changes in Uterine Tube most commonly seen?
|
COW
-cervix is main barrier -no utero-tubal junction -secondary to uterine infection |
|
|
Characteristics of Inflammatory Changes in Uterine Tube
|
-Pyosalpinx (pus in uterine tube)
|
|
|
3 Consequences of Inflammatory Changes in Uterine Tube
|
-Return to normal if no adhesions
-Small cysts can be left -Large cysts from lumen occlusion (sometimes entire length of tubule, NOT spherical, blockage--> infertility) |
|
|
Neoplasia of Uterine Tube
|
Rare except in Birds
|
|
|
What is Segmental Aplasia?
|
When portion of one or both uterine horns is missing
|
|
|
What species is/are Segmental Aplasia more common?
|
Cow (2 autosomal recessive genes)
|
|
|
Characteristics of Segmental Aplasia
|
-If anterior segment left intact it can become cystic and distended from buildup of secretion
-If no lumen and no endomentrium--> no fertility and disrupted cycle |
|
|
What is Uterus Unicornis?
|
-Segmental Aplasia
-If one side of uterine horn is completely missing |
|
|
What are Uterine/Serosal Cysts
|
-Several longitudinal grooves develop in the muscularis
-Serosa of grooves frequently form cysts (sometimes in large clusters like grapes) -Different from mesonephric cysts because in the uterus |
|
|
What species is/are Hyperplasia of Endometrium commonly found in?
|
-Cows, Sheep
-Bitch |
|
|
Characteristics of Hyperplasia of Endometrium
|
-Due to estrogenic influences
|
|
|
What type of pasture are cattle or sheep commonly on when they develop Hyperplasia of Endometrium
|
-Clover Pasture
|
|
|
Hyperplasia of Endometrium in Bitch
|
-b/c of prolonged progestronal influence of unbred bitch who is under progesterone influence longer than bred bitch but no fetus
-Endocrine underpinning |
|
|
Characteristics of Cystic Hyperplasia of Uterus
|
-Increase Estrogen--> Increase Endometrium--> Increase Fluid and Pressure--> Increase Atrophy--> Infertility
-Usually progress to Pyometra--> Wall of uterus becomes hyperplastic and grandular tissue becomes infiltrated with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages -Pyometra ruptures--> Peritonitis |
|
|
Cystic Hyperplasia in the Queen
|
-Allowed to cycle without ovulating
-Progress to Pyometra -An effect of Estrogen |
|
|
Psuedopregnancy in Unbred Bitches
|
-1st stage of cystic hyperplasia/pyometra complex
-Epithelium is Hyperplastic -Superficial portion more hyperplastic than deeper portion |
|
|
Psuedopregnancy in Queens
|
-In that are stimulated to ovulate
-Less severe because shorter gestation |
|
|
Characteristics of Fibrosis of Endometrium
|
-In mare
-Age related change -Endometrial glands in clusters and fibrotic tissue -Suberfertility of aged mares -Common -Used to assess fertility prognosis |
|
|
What species is/are Involution of the Uterus abnormal for?
|
Pig and Horse
|
|
|
Characteristics of Normal Involution of the Uterus
|
-Frequently confused with inflammatory lesions
-Some Inflammatory cells -NO putrid smell -1/2 involuted by day 4 -2/3 involuted by day 7 to 8 -Normal size by day 14 -Discharge of lochia finished by day 10 |
|
|
What is Endometritis?
|
Inflammation of Uterus that only effects ENDOMETRIUM
|
|
|
What is Myometritis?
|
-Inflammation of Uterus that only effects MUSCLE
|
|
|
What is Metritis?
|
-Inflammation of Uterus that effects ENDOMETRIUM and MUSCLE
|
|
|
What is Perimetritis?
|
-Inflammation of Uterus that only effects SEROSA
|
|
|
Metritis in Cow
|
-Usually post-partum or post-abortion
-Pyometra -Mimics pregnancy -CL frequently retained and produces progesterone -Progesterone--> decreases immune response, but it also sits in the pus, so there's no uterine contraction and persistence of CL -Associated with Mycoplasma bovis -----Non-specific endometritis occurs after breeding of virgin heifers by natural service until immune to bacterial flora of bull -----Can be severe enough to short cycle heifer (limits fertility) |
|
|
Histiologic Presentation of Metritis
|
-Neutrophils migrating through endometrium to lumen
-Endometrium infiltrated with Plasma Cells, Lymphocytes, Macrophages |
|
|
Severe Cases of Metritis
|
-Myometrium often becomes inflammed
-Extends to Serosa -Involve Salpinx--> can result in blockage and infertility -Anestrus and infertility |
|
|
Acute vs. Chronic Cases of Metritis
|
-Chronic--> Anestrus
-Acute--> Short Cycle |
|
|
Metritis in the Bitch
|
-May occur due to Distemper
-Limited to mature bitch |
|
|
Metritis in the Mare
|
-Occurs usually post-breeding
-Combo of lymphocytes and neutrophils -Small residual foci detrimental to fertility |
|
|
What disease does Granulomatous Metritis occur with?
|
-Occurs in tuberculosis
|
|
|
Characteristics of Granulomatous Metritis
|
-Usually effects Endometrium AND Myometrium
-Uterus is irregular in shape and consistency -Central core of macrophages and giant cells surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells |
|
|
Why does Granulomatous Metritis occur after installation of medication with oily base?
|
Body can't break down mineral oil--> medication gets into uterine wall--> giant cells and macrophages are attracted and attempt to sequester material--> thickening of uterine wall and granulomatous metritis results
|
|
|
What species is/are Uterine Wall Abscesses most common?
|
Cow
|
|
|
Why do Uterine Wall Abscesses form?
|
Form if foreign bodies or bacteria are introduced
|
|
|
What are Dorsal Uterine Wall Abscesses usually from?
|
Trauma during AI
|
|
|
What are Ventral Uterine Wall Abscesses usually from?
|
Usually due to trauma while calving
|
|
|
What do Uterine Wall Abscesses look like histologically?
|
Liquid center of Necrotic Debris surrounded by layers of macrophages, fibrous tissue, plasma cells, and lymphocytes
|
|
|
Characteristics of Ventral Uterine Tear
|
-Due to dystocia
-Heals with fibrous tissue and covered again by epithelium -Never regains glands -Remains white and fibrous |
|
|
What species is/are Uterine Horn Torsions common?
|
Litter-bearing species
|
|
|
Characteristics of Uterine Horn Torsions
|
-Torsion--> Tear--> Deposit fetuses in peritoneal space
-If uterus not completely separated, can go back into position and heal relatively normally -Ectopic fetuses sometimes an incidental finding -Present w/ Acute Abdominal Crisis |
|
|
What are Endometrial Fibroandenomatous Polyps?
|
-Large, smooth masses that project into lumen of uterus
-Considered hyperplastic lesion but may also be considered to be benign neoplasm |
|
|
Endometrial Fibroandenomatous Polyps Characteristics
|
-Various amounts of fibrous and glandular tissue
-Impair fertility by taking up space in uterine lumen -Can also be the mass around which uterus can undergo torsion--> results in infarction--> shock and death |
|
|
Leiomyoma of Uterus
|
-Benign smooth muscle neoplasm
-Well circumscribed, firm, spherical growth -Centrally necrotic |
|
|
Uterine Carcinoma
|
-RARE
-Malignant -Well circumscribed, firm, spherical growth -Centrally necrotic -Contains epithelial elements -Contains dense fibrous stroma -"Schirrous" lesion -Metastasizes readily to ovary and lung |
|
|
What happens as a Uterine Carcinoma ages?
|
Collagen contracts--> dimpled/umbilicated mass
|
|
|
What species is/are Uterine Carcinoma seen?
|
Cows, horses, rabbits
|
|
|
Uterine Lymphosarcoma Characteristics
|
-Smooth muscle tumor
-Malignant -Well circumscribed, firm, spherical growth -Centrally necrotic |
|
|
Why do Malformations of the Cervix form?
|
-Cervix and vagina result from fusion of the paired paramesonephric ducts
|
|
|
What are common Malformations of the Cervix?
|
-Dorso-ventral band
-Partially duplicated Cervix -Complete failure of fusion--> Uterus Didelphys |
|
|
What is Uterus Didelphys?
|
-Complete failure of fusion of paired mesonephric ducts
-2 cervices and 2 uteri (each with 1 horn) -Normal in Rabbits |
|
|
Characteristics of Hypoplasia of the Cervix
|
-Decrease in number of cervical rings
-Only 2--> seal insufficient--> bacterial infection--> chronic endometritis--> infertility |
|
|
Characteristics of Tortuous Cervical Canals and Dorsal Diverticula in Cattle
|
-Uterus unable to discharge normally
-Mucuometra or Hydrometra -Infertility |
|
|
Normal Cervix of Zebu
|
Larger than humpless cattle
|
|
|
What species is/are Prolapse of Cervical Rings common?
|
Cow
|
|
|
Characteristics of Prolapse of Cervical Rings
|
-Post parturition--> Cervical rings edematous--> organized into fibrous CT--> contracts--> distorts cervix--> rings prolapse into vagina
-Too many rings--> same consequences as cervical hypoplasia |
|
|
What is the consequence of removing prolapsed cervical rings?
|
Fertility can return
|
|
|
Inflammation of Cervix
|
-Rare
-Usually doesn't happen unless vagina or uterus is severely inflammed |
|
|
Characteristics of Malformations of Vagina
|
-Dorsoventral Vagina Bands
-Mesonephric Cysts ("Cystic Gartner's Ducts) in ventrolateral wall |
|
|
What is Vaginal Hyperplasia of the Bitch?
|
-Really a degenerative lesion
-Result of edema of vagina during estrus -Organized into fibrous CT over several estrous cycles--> results in structure that can become large and resemble polyp -Subsequent estrus ensues--> become edematous and protrude through lips of vulva |
|
|
What is Granular Venereal Disease?
|
-Usual inflammatory response in vagina
-Non-specific response to wide variety of organism--> not a specific disease -Exudation of neutrophils and development of lymphoid follicles in wall -Ureaplasms significant cause -Most commonly in female mated for first time -Vaginitis also common in puppies before first estrus (clears up with estrus) |
|
|
What is Rectovaginal Fistulas?
|
-most common traumatic lesion
-tear in dorsal wall during parturition -must be surgically repaired |
|
|
What is/are the name/s of vaginal tumors?
|
-Leiomyofibroma
-Fibroids |
|
|
Characteristics of Leiomyofibroma
|
-Mixed
-Smooth Muscle and Fibrous Tissue |
|
|
What is Coital Exanthema?
|
-Venereal disease of horses
|
|
|
What virus is associated with Coital Exanthema?
|
-Herpes Virus
|
|
|
Characteristics of Coital Exanthema
|
-Ulcerated foci on labia
-Milder in females than males -White round foci on skin -limit reproduction severely |
|
|
Cuases of Vulvitis in Cow
|
-ureaplasma
-Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis Virus -IBR -Nonspecific bacterial vulvitis also occurs |
|
|
What is the neoplasm of the vulva?
|
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-Occurs especially in individuals with unpigmented vulvar skin |
|
|
Venereal Tumor of Dogs
|
-Transmissible
-Affects external genitalia -Friable cauliflower like mass -Most mount an immune response to it and reject it -In some, it metastasizes and kills before a response can occur |
|
|
Characteristics of Testicular Hypoplasia
|
-Small size of testis
-Due to germ cell deficiency -Histiologically resembles degeneration BUT has normal basal lamina of seminal tubules -Eliminate via selection for scrotal circumference |
|
|
What species is/are Cryptorchidism most common in?
|
Horse, Pig, Dog
|
|
|
Cryptorchidism in the Dog
|
-Predisposition to Sertoli Cell Tumor
-Show Ring = No Go |
|
|
Cryptorchidism in Stallion
|
-Epididymis loosely attached to retained testes--> sometimes removed but testes still remain!!
-Crypts difficult to manage -Genetic component |
|
|
Monorchidism
|
-Presence of only 1 testes
-Common in Alpaca -Usually missing a kidney on that side too |
|
|
Testes of Equine Fetus
|
-Large due to interstitial cells
-Essential of maintenance of pregnancy -Regress after parturition b/c interstitial cells involute |
|
|
What is Testicular Degeneration?
|
-Decrease in Spermatocyte production
-Variety of Causes -Some reversible (acute and mild) |
|
|
Gross appearance of Testicular Degeneration
|
-Firm
-Pale -Parenchyma has little tone -Bulge less or not at all when cut |
|
|
Histiologic appearance of Testicular Degeneration
|
-Vacuolated germinal epithelium
-Immature germ cells in tubular lamina and ejaculate -Multinucleate spermatid giant cells in tubules and ejaculate |
|
|
What is Orchitis?
|
-Inflammation of Testes
-Poor prognosis -Fibrosis and abscess formation |
|
|
What are the causes of Orchitis?
|
-Brucella
-Distemper in dogs -Strongylus edentatus in horse |
|
|
Characteristics of Small Foci of Inspissated Content
|
-Caused by stasis of sperm in tubules
-Chalky, white grossly -Progress to granulomas -Common in degenerate testes -Not necessarily linked to impaired fertility |
|
|
What species is/are torsion of Spermatic Cord and Testes most common?
|
Horse and Dog
|
|
|
Characteristics of Torsion of Spermatic Cord and Testes
|
-Infarction of testes
-Painful, acute, obvious |
|
|
Characteristics of Hyperplasia of Testes
|
-Hyperplasia of Leydig cells
-Gold/Brown -Old stallions and Guernsey bulls |
|
|
3 Common Types of Testicular Neoplasia
|
-Leydig Cell Tumors
-Sertoli Cell Tumors -Seminomas |
|
|
How do you diagnose Testicular Neoplasia and why?
|
Section spermatic cord because most metastasize first to spermatic cord and then involve sublumbar lymph nodes
|
|
|
Characteristics of Leydig Cell Tumors
|
-Round
-Soft -Orange -Cell boundaries distinct -Grow by expansion--> can envelop tubules--> tubule degenerate -Most common in bull and dog |
|
|
Characteristics of Sertoli Cell Tumors
|
-Lobulated
-Firm -White -Esp found in Cryptorchid Dogs -Secrete hormones that feminize the host |
|
|
Histiologic Characteristics of Sertoli Cell Tumors
|
-Fibrous stroma
-Indistinct boundaries -Irregular Vacuolated cells -More infiltrative |
|
|
Characteristics of Seminoma
|
-Rarer than Leydig Cell and Sertoli Cell Tumors
-Soft -Round -Grey -Dogs, Horses, Rams -Intratubular seminoma -Sheets of Neoplastic Cells |
|
|
Intratubular Seminoma
|
-Cells still in tubules
-Hyperplastic change of aged rams |
|
|
Sheets of Neoplastic Cells
|
-Pleomorphic cells
-Mitotic figures -Aberrant mitoses -"Starry Sky"--> holes in sheets -Usually not malignant -Accumulation of lymphoid cells fairly common |
|
|
Teratoma
|
-Usually younger animals
-3 Germ layers of tissue: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm -Usually benign -Found more in Horses |
|
|
Lymphosarcoma
|
-Can be any species but affects ram the most
|
|
|
Failure of Efferent Ductules to Connect to Epididymal Duct results in...
|
...Blind Efferent Ductules
-Stasis of sperm--> ductule ruptures--> sperm enter into interstitium--> autoimmune response--> sperm granuloma -Most species have 10-20 efferent ductules so loss of a few won't render them sterile -Sperm Granuloma can heal but leaves a fibrous scar |
|
|
What is a Sperm Granuloma?
|
-Central core of sperm surrounded by macrophages
-Sperm contain Mycolic Acid (same as in TB--> elicit TB like response) -Sperm Granuloma can heal but leaves a fibrous scar -Granuloma frequently becomes calcified--> appear white or yellow and can occlude duct |
|
|
Characteristics of Interstitial Epididymitis
|
-Usually composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells
-Mild BUT devastating effects on sperm function -Occasionally granulomatous -Bacterial epididymitis spurative into lumen of duct and infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages (partly due to leakage of sperm into interstitium) -Abscess commonly -Enlarged, firm epididymitis with adhesions to tunica vaginalis -Duct blocked and filled with inspissated sperm -ENDS UP BEING GRANULOMATOUS |
|
|
What bacteria is Interstitial Epididymitis associated with?
|
Brucella
|
|
|
Characteristics of Adenomyosis
|
-Hyperplastic change
-Outgrowth of ductal epithelium into surrounding muscle -Small blind outpouchings--> responsible for sperm stasis and granulomas |
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What species is/are Adenomyosis most common in?
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Bulls, Rabbits, Rams, and Dogs
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Characteristics of Periorchitis
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-Space between vaginal tunics continuous with that of peritoneum
-Infection descends into scrotum -Common for infectious epididymitis to extend thorugh to vaginal space and cause periorchitis |
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Characteristics of Mesothelioma
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-Tumor of mesothelial lining of vaginal tunics
-RARE -Fibrous and epithelial components -Pluripotential |
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Characteristics of Schirrous Cord
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-Inflammatory response leison of tunics and spermatic cord following castration
-Cord becomes proliferating mass of infected inflamed granulation tissue can grow very rapidly to a large size -Difficult to manage clinically |
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What species is/are Schirrous Cord most common in?
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Pigs, Mules, Horses
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