Neoplasia

Front 1

Adenoma

Back 1

Benign epithelial neoplasm of glandular tissue (i.e. Fibroadenoms of the glands of the breast)

Front 2

Choristoma

Back 2

Benign mass of tissues not normally found at the site of origin.

Front 3

Hamartoma

Back 3

(Rare) benign mass of tissues usually found at site of origin. (Seen in lung)

Front 4

Sarcoma

Back 4

Malignant neoplasm arising from mesenchymal tissue (blood & lymphatics).

- don't commonly metastasize to lymph nodes

Front 5

Teratoma

Back 5

Neoplasm derived from germ cells that represent all 3 layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)

Front 6

Fibroadenomas

Back 6

Common in breast tissue

Front 7

Mesothelioma

Back 7

Benign lesion of thoracic & abdominal lining of the body cavity

Front 8

Mesothelioma

Back 8

Benign lesion of thoracic & abdominal lining of the body cavity

Front 9

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 9

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle (usually seen in soft tissues)

Front 10

Sessile polyp

Back 10

Attached by a broad base as opposed to pedunculated

Front 11

Carcinoma

Back 11

Tumor of the epithelial lining:

1) bladder (urothelial)

2) cervix (glandular epithelium or endometrium)

- metastasize through lymphatics

Front 12

Leiomyomas

Back 12

White; benign lesion of smooth muscle (common in uterus)

Front 13

Leiomyomas

Back 13

White; benign lesion of smooth muscle (common in uterus)

Front 14

Lipomas

Back 14

Yellow fatty rumors occurring beneath the epidermis.

Front 15

Leiomyomas

Back 15

White; benign lesion of smooth muscle (common in uterus)

Front 16

Lipomas

Back 16

Yellow fatty rumors occurring beneath the epidermis.

Front 17

Melanomas

Back 17

Malignant; increase in size quickly and are darkly pigmented.

Front 18

Leiomyomas

Back 18

White; benign lesion of smooth muscle (common in uterus)

Front 19

Lipomas

Back 19

Yellow fatty rumors occurring beneath the epidermis.

Front 20

Melanomas

Back 20

Malignant; increase in size quickly and are darkly pigmented.

Front 21

Nevus

Back 21

Benign counter part to a melanoma (very common; light to dark brown)

Front 22

Hemangioma

Back 22

Benign vascular lesion of the skin

Front 23

Neoplasm

Back 23

"New growth"

- Monoclonal proliferation of cells (same clone produced over and over again)

Front 24

Flow Cytometry

Back 24

Indicates DNA content, aneuploidy, and growth fraction.

Front 25

In Situ Cancers

Back 25

If limited to epithelium are noninvasive (local excision = 100% cure rate)

Front 26

CA-125

Back 26

Tumor Marker for ovarian cancer

Front 27

Anaplasia

Back 27

"Lack of differentiation"

- Pleomorphism (variation on size and shape)

- hyperchromatism (excessive coloration or staining)

Front 28

MYC Oncogene

Back 28

Major transcriptional growth factor (bind cyclin D1--> activate cell cycle)

- activated in Burkitt lymphoma

Front 29

HER2

Back 29

Encodes for epithelial growth factors (EGF) receptors to be placed on the cell surface

Front 30

MYC Oncogene

Back 30

Major transcriptional growth factor (bind cyclin D1--> activate cell cycle)

- activated in Burkitt lymphoma

Front 31

HER2

Back 31

Encodes for epithelial growth factors (EGF) receptors to be placed on the cell surface

Front 32

p53

Back 32

Tumor suppressor

Front 33

MYC Oncogene

Back 33

Major transcriptional growth factor (bind cyclin D1--> activate cell cycle)

- cMYC activated in Burkitt lymphoma t(8;14)

Front 34

HER2

Back 34

Stimulated by ERBB2 Encodes for epithelial growth factors (EGF) receptors to be placed on the cell surface

Tx: antibodies for HER2 receptors

Front 35

p53

Back 35

Tumor suppressor

- inactivated during colon cancer

Front 36

APC

Back 36

Tumor suppressor

- Inactivated during colon cancer (loss of B-catenin destruction; B-catenin translocation to the nucleus--> transcription factor promoting growth)

- activation of WNT signaling pathway

Front 37

RAS

Back 37

Encode GTP-binding protein (located under the cell membrane)

Front 38

t(9:22) transloction

Back 38

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

- translocation causes uncontrolled non-receptor tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL fusion gene.

Tx: inhibit tyrosine kinase

Front 39

BCL2 Overexpression

Back 39

Block apoptosis

Tx: give drugs that activate caspases

Front 40

Nuclear Translocation if B-cantenin

Back 40

w/ mutational loss of APC gene = Colon cancer

Front 41

N-MYC gene

Back 41

Amplification occurs in 30-40% of neuroblastomas

Front 42

N-MYC gene

Back 42

Amplification occurs in 30-40% of neuroblastomas

Front 43

BCL1 & BCL2 gene

Back 43

Mutated = non-Hodgkin lymphomas

- BCL2 inhibit apoptosis

Front 44

Dysplasia

Back 44

Alteration in size and/or shape

Front 45

Familial tumors

Back 45

Defective copy of a tumor suppressor gene

- melanoma = p16 (inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases)

Front 46

Lyn mutation

Back 46

Seen in immunodeficiency states

Front 47

RB Gene

Back 47

Controls the G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle (checkpoint)

Front 48

TGF-B

Back 48

Inhibit cell proliferation by activating growth-inhibiting genes (CDKIs)

- all pancreatic cancers have at least one mutation

- 83% colon cancers have at least one mutation

Front 49

HMSH2

Back 49

Repair DNA damage

- also hPMS1, hPMS2, hMLH1

Front 50

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Back 50

Loss of NF1 gene which encodes for GTPase-activating protein--> active RAS trapped

- Lesion attached to peripheral nerve

Front 51

von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) gene

Back 51

Tumor suppressor; produces a protein that binds hypoxia-inductive factor 1-alpha (HIF-1-alpha)

- loss of binding = activation of angiogenesis factors

Front 52

CD44

Back 52

Plays a role in cell adhesion; enables malignant cells to metastasize

Front 53

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Back 53

Increased risk for neoplasia (I.e HIV)

Front 54

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Back 54

Autosomal recessive condition w/ loss of nucleotide excision repair if DNA

Front 55

Vinyl Chloride

Back 55

Rare cause of liver cancer

Front 56

Vinyl Chloride

Back 56

Rare cause of liver cancer

Front 57

Arsenic

Back 57

High risk of skin cancer

Front 58

Vinyl Chloride

Back 58

Rare cause of liver cancer

Front 59

Arsenic

Back 59

High risk of skin cancer

Front 60

Asbestos

Back 60

Mesothelioma and/or bronchogenic carcinomas

Front 61

Vinyl Chloride

Back 61

Rare cause of liver cancer

Front 62

Arsenic

Back 62

High risk of skin cancer

Front 63

Asbestos

Back 63

Mesothelioma and/or bronchogenic carcinomas

Front 64

Benzene

Back 64

Linked to Leukemias

Front 65

Beryllium

Back 65

Lung cancer

Front 66

Nickel

Back 66

Respiratory tract cancers

Front 67

Nickel

Back 67

Respiratory tract cancers

Front 68

Naphthalene

Back 68

Risk factor of urinary cancer

Front 69

Cyclophosphamide

Back 69

Alkylation agent used for chemotherapy that has carcinogenic effects (DNA Damage)

Front 70

HPV

Back 70

- Produces E7 which binds Rb --> transcription

- E6 binds and inactivated p53

Front 71

HPV

Back 71

- Produces E7 which binds Rb --> transcription

- E6 binds and inactivate p53

Front 72

HBV & HCV

Back 72

Inactivate tumor suppressor p53

Front 73

a-Fetoprotein (AFP)

Back 73

Protein marker for hepatic ellipse carcinomas and some testicular carcinomas

Front 74

CA-19-9

Back 74

Tumor marker for colonic and pancreatic tumors

Front 75

Immunostains

Back 75

Used to detect antigenic characteristics like protein expression to help characterize the cells origin