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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A hydropic change (swelling) is reversible/irreversible
|
reversible
|
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Plasma membrane rupturing and nuclear changes are reversible/irreversible
|
irreversible
|
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Condensation of chromatin. Pyknosis, Karyolysis, or Karyorrhexis
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Pyknosis
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Lysis of chromatin. Pyknosis, Karyolysis, or Karyorrhexis
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Karyolysis
|
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Fragmentation of nuclear material. Pyknosis, Karyolysis, or Karyorrhexis
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Karyorrhexis
|
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________ Necrosis the most common type, outline of tissue preserved (MI, kidney infarcts)
|
Coagulative
|
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________ Necrosis - brain infarcts, abscess, wet gangrene
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Liquefactive
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________ Necrosis - Granulomas of TB/deep fungal
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Caseous
|
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________ Necrosis - found w/ acute pancreatitis or trauma to fat
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Fat
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________ Necrosis - Small vessels; Systemic Lupus
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Fibrinoid
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Programmed cell , involves gene activation & enzyme action. NO significant inflammation
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Apoptosis
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Results from cell injury or chronic stress. Is reversible.
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Adaptation
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Increase in tissue/oragn size due to increase in cell size (Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Atrophy, or Dysplasia)
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in tissue/organ size due to increase in number of cells (Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Atrophy, or Dysplasia)
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Hyperplasia
|
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replacement of one mature cell type by another - Barrett's esophagus - reversible in most cases (Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Atrophy, or Dysplasia)
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Metaplasia
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Decrease in tissue/organ size because of a reduction in the size or number of cells. (Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Atrophy, or Dysplasia)
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Atrophy
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Abnormal cells that are not cancer. (Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Atrophy, or Dysplasia)
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Dysplasia
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Mediated by neutophils, hemodynamic changes, increased permeability of vessel walls, & emigration of leukocytes from vessels into tissues
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Acute inflammation
|
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Clear, protein poor, relatively acellular liquid - seen in renal and heart failure (low protein; spec. gravity < 1.02)
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Transudate
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Viscous, protein rich, seen in pus (high protein; spec. gravity > 1.02)
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Exudate
|
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Severe generalized swelling of all subcutaneous tissues (cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome)
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Anasarca
|
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Edema in peritoneal cavity (end stage liver disease)
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Ascites
|
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List in order the main events of PMNs crossin out of a vessel (adhesion, margination, transmigration, rolling)
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1) Margination, 2) Rolling, 3) Adhesion, 4) Transmigration
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Which mediator of inflammation is NOT plasma derived: Nitric Acid, clotting factors, anticoagulants, compliment protiens, kinins
|
Nitric Acid
|
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Which mediator of inflammation is NOT cell derived: Biogenic Amines, Arachidonic acid & derivatives, Cytokines, Kinins, Platlet activating factors, Nitric Acid
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Kinins
|
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Hageman, thrombin & fibrinogen are ___________ (clotting factors, anticoagulants, compliment protiens, kinins)
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clotting factors
|
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Plasmin is ________: (clotting factors, anticoagulants, compliment protiens, kinins)
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anticoagulants
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Bradykinin is ________: (clotting factors, anticoagulants, compliment protiens, kinins)
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kinins
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Histamine & seratonin are ___________ (released from mast cells & platlets): (Biogenic Amines, Arachidonic acid & derivatives, Cytokines, Platlet activating factors, Nitric Acid)
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Biogenic Amines
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Prostaglandins & leukotrienes are derivatives of ________: (Biogenic Amines, Arachidonic acid, Cytokines, Platlet activating factors, Nitric Acid)
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Arachidonic acid
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________ is produced from endothelial cells & macrophages: (Biogenic Amines, Arachidonic acid, Cytokines, Platlet activating factors, Nitric Acid)
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Nitric Acid
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2 Mediators that cause vasodialation. (prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, platlet activating factor, NO, leukotrines)
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prostaglandins, NO
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4 Mediators causing increased vascular permeability. (prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, platlet activating factor, interleukins, leukotrines)
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histamine, bradykinin, platlet activating factor, leukotrines
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3 Mediators involved w/ chemotaxis. (C5a, C3b leukotriene B4, interleukins)
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C5a, leukotriene B4, interleukins (C3b - tags the cells for phagocytosis)
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2 Mediators causing pain. (prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin)
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prostaglandins, bradykinin
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3 Mediators involved w/ phagocytosis (Neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages)
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages
|
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The 2 different activation pathways of compliment
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Classical pathway (Ant-Ab), Alternative (fragment of fungi, bact, toxins, foreign substances)
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4 functions of compliment activiation. (opsonization of bacteria, anaphylatoxic action, chemotaxis, increase in hypertension, cytolysis)
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opsonization of bacteria, anaphylatoxic action, chemotaxis, cytolysis
|
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Coating w/ IgG & C3b is what function of compliment? (opsonization of bacteria, anaphylatoxic action, chemotaxis, cytolysis)
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opsonization of bacteria
|
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Stimulating release of histamine is what funciton of compliment? (opsonization of bacteria, anaphylatoxic action, chemotaxis, cytolysis)
|
anaphylatoxic action
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C5a attracts neutrophils is what function of compliment? (opsonization of bacteria, anaphylatoxic action, chemotaxis, cytolysis)
|
chemotaxis
|
|
MAC complex relates to what function of compliment? (opsonization of bacteria, anaphylatoxic action, chemotaxis, cytolysis)
|
cytolysis
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List the primary healing sequence in order (restructuring, scarring, bleeding & clot formation, inflammation, granulation tissue)
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1) bleeding & clot formation, 2) inflammation, 3) granulation tissue, 4) scarring, 5) restructuring
|
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Hypertrophic scar composed of type 3 collagen (result from defective remodeling of scar tissue.
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Keloid
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what cell type cannot regenerate -i.e. neurons, striated muscle, myocardium? (Permanent, Labile, Stable)
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Permanent
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what cell type can readily regenerate -i.e. skin, mucosa? (Permanent, Labile, Stable)
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Labile
|
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what cell type can also regenerate -i.e. liver or kidney? (Permanent, Labile, Stable)
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Stable
|
|
Which is not a main cause of edema? (Increased intravascular/hydorstatic pressure, increased permiability of vessel wall, increased oncotic pressure/increased albumin, decreased oncotic pressure/reduced albumin, sodium retention, obstruction of lymph flow)
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increased oncotic pressure/increased albumin
|
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reduced perfusion of kidneys (i.e. heart failure) --> renin secretion --> inc _______ from adrenal cortex --> kidney retains more ____ --> water retention --> inc hydrostatic pressure & edema.
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aldosterone, sodium
|
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Active process, influx into tissues, bright red & warm (Congestion or Hyperemia)?
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Hyperemia
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Passive process-stasis, tissue is dusky red to blue, tissues are cold & clammy (Congestion or Hyperemia)?
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Congestion
|
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______ _____: chronic passive congestion results in pooling & necrosis of hepatocytes. (red-brown) These hepatocytes are replaced by fibrous tissue - uncongested areas appear pale tan
|
Nutmeg liver
|
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The 3 main components of Hemostasis are: (compliment, vascular wall, platlets, coagulation cascade)
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compliment
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Primary hemostasis involves which 3: (platelet adhesion & shape change, secretion of granules by platelets, recruitment & aggregation to form hemostatic plug, activation of the coagulation cascade)
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platelet adhesion & shape change, secretion of granules by platelets, recruitment & aggregation to form hemostatic plug (activation of the coagulation cascade is involved in secondary hemostasis)
|
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Mediator of platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen in primary hemostasis
|
|
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Secondary hemostasis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade (T/F)
|
TRUE
|
|
Virchow's triad are factors predisposing to heart failure (T/F)
|
FALSE they are predisposing to thrombosis
|
|
Which one does NOT belong in Virchow's triad? Endothelial injury, Alteration of flow (stasis or turbulance), Hypocoagulability, Hypercoagulability
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Hypocoagulability
|
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Which is NOT a fate of a thrombus? Resolution, Translocation, Propagation & eventual occlusion, Organization, Recanalization, Embolization
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Translocation
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Venous emboli originates in the deep leg veins and goes to the _____
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lungs
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_____ usually arise in the deep veins of the leg, often multiple, may cause pulmonary hypertension/right sided heart failure over time
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Pulmonary (I think this is the same as a venous emboli)
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______ emboli originate in areas of high BP (heart, aorta, or large arteries) and go to various organs (most to lower extremities, 10% to brain)
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Arterial
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laminated appearance that is characteristic of thrombi
|
lines of Zahn
|
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____ emboli occur w/ fracture of long bones
|
Fat
|
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left sided emboli originating in venous circulation, but gains access to arterial circulation through patent foramen ovale or atrial-septal defect
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Paradoxical emboli
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Infarct w/ atrial occlusions to solid organs (heart, liver, spleen), wedge shaped w/ occluded vessel at apex.
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Pale infarct
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Infarct in loose tissues (lung) or tissues w/ dual circulation
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Red infarct
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Clotting disorder - Microthrombi in small vessels consume platelets & deplete fibrin. Can be triggered by obstetric complication, shock, gram neg sepsis, extensive trauma
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DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
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Hypoperfusion of body tissues w/
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Shock
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Shock due to pump failure. (Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Hypotensive)
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Cardiogenic
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Shock due to wounds, burns, vomiting. (Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Hypotensive)
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Hypovolemic
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Shock due to peripheral vasodialtion - bacterial toxins, anaphylactic, neural injury. (Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Hypotensive)
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Hypotensive
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Which is not a lipid storage disease? Tay Sachs, Phenylketonuria, Gaucher's, Neimann Pick, Fabry's
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Phenylketonuria
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Which lipid storage disease results from a deficiency of hexosaminidase A? Tay Sachs, Gaucher's, Neimann Pick, Fabry's
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Tay Sachs
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Which lipid storage disease results from a deficiency of beta glucosidase? Tay Sachs, Gaucher's, Neimann Pick, Fabry's
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Gaucher's
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Which lipid storage disease results from a deficiency of sphingomyelinase? Tay Sachs, Gaucher's, Neimann Pick, Fabry's
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Neimann Pick
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Which lipid storage disease results from a deficiency of alpha galactosidase? Tay Sachs, Gaucher's, Neimann Pick, Fabry's
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Fabry's
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A type of mucopolysaccharidoses, a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase - results in buildup of heparin sulfate & dermatan sulfate
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Hurler's syndrome
|
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Abnormality in AA metabolism, deficiency of phenylalanine deaminase --> blocks conversion of phe to tyr. Can lead to mental & neurologic deterioration.
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Intercelluar deposition of a proteinaceous material in beta-pleated sheets; many different amyloid proteins. If deposited in sufficient amounts it can interfere w/ cell functions - i.e. heart, adrenal, liver, & kidney (deposits in the glomeruli-nephrotic syndrome)
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Amyloidosis
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Homogenous pink material on H&E sections; green bifringence when stained w/ Congo red & subjected to polarized light.
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Amyloidosis
|
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Amyloidosis is seen in all except one: multiple myeloma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Alzheimer's disease, systemic lupus
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systemic lupus
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Amyloidosis is curable (T/F)
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FALSE
|
|
cancer-inducing genes
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oncogenes
|
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normal genes that can become oncogenes
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proto-oncogenes
|
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abnormal cell growth
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neoplasia
|
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Epstein Barr virus is associated with all except: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Infectious mononucleosis, Oral hairy leukoplakia, Cervical carcinoma
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Cervical carcinoma
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HPV (human papilloma virus) subtypes 16, 18, 33 is associated w/ ______ _____
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cervical cancer
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HPV (human papilloma virus) subtypes 6 & 11 is associated w/ ______ _____ such as condyloma accuminatum (genital wart)
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benign lesions
|
|
The most frequent caner in men
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Prostate
|
|
The most frequent caner in women
|
Breast
|
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The most frequent cause of cancer in both men & women
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Lung cancer
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|
______ is the second most common cause of in the US, following ________ _________
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Cancer, cardiovascular disease
|
|
_________ is the single most important defining characteristic of malignancy
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metastasis
|
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The 3 routes of metastasis are: hematogenous, transplant, lymphatic, direct seeding of body cavities
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hematogenous, lymphatic, direct seeding of body cavities
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|
The 2 best known tumor suppressor genes are ___ & ___. Loss or mutation of these genes can lead to cancer.
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p53, Rb-1 (retinoblastoma)
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The tumor suppressor genes WT1 & WT2 are associated with: Wilms tumor, familial polyposis coli, or breast cancer
|
Wilms tumor
|
|
The tumor suppressor gene APC is associated with: Wilms tumor, familial polyposis coli, or breast cancer
|
familial polyposis coli
|
|
The tumor suppressor gene BRCA-1 is associated with: Wilms tumor, familial polyposis coli, or breast cancer
|
breast cancer
|
|
What is the 2 hit hypothesis of Knudsen?
|
2 mutagenic events are required to initiate alterations of both chromosomes
|
|
_________ are associated w/ gene amplification (N-myc oncogene)
|
Neuroblastomas
|
|
2 hereditary cancers
|
familial polyposis coli, Wilms tumor
|
|
The most common autosomal disease in the US - linked to a defective or missing NF1 gene.
|
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
|
|
Most neoplasms are ___________
|
monoclonal
|
|
______ _____ - Right ventricle hypertrophy due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disorders of the lungs or pulmonry vessels
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Cor pulmonale
|
|
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), Chronic lung disease (cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, interstitial fibrosis), & recurrent thromboemboli can cause _____ ______ (a condition of the hear)
|
Cor pulmonale
|
|
Abrupt onset of right ventricular dilatation due to a massive pulmonary embolism
|
Acute cor pulmonale
|
|
Chronic passive congestion of lungs in left sided heart failure --> intra-alveolar hemorrhage --> RBCs that are forced out of the vessels are taken up by macrophages --> brown hemosiderin granules in macrophages --> called "_____ ____ cells"
|
"heart failure cells"
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_____ _____ _____ _____ results in pulmonary edema, Hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart- failure cells) in lungs, Chronic passive congestion in liver (nutmeg liver)
|
Left sided heart failure
|
|
_____ ____ ____ ____ is usually the result of left-sided heart failure, Jugular vein distension, peripheral edema, ascites
|
Right sided heart failure
|
|
The most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice, initially is non-cyanotic w/ left to right shunting of ; in late stages flow is reversed
|
Ventricular-septal defect
|
|
Important cause of cyanosis at birth
|
Tetralogy of Fallot
|
|
Which is NOT part of the Tetrology of Fallot? Ventricular septal defects, Atrial septal defects, Pulmonary artery stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Dextroposition of the aorta
|
Atrial septal defects
|
|
inflammation of heart muscle
|
Myocarditis
|
|
most cases of myocarditis are of _____ origin, can also be of autoimmune origin such as in SLE (lupus)
|
viral
|
|
a multifactorial disease of large and medium sized arteries that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids, fibrosis, and calcification of the arterial walls.
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
Which is not a risk factor for Atherosclerosis: Advancing age, (males until menopause then equal), Hereditary, Diet rich in lipids, Hypertension, Hypotension
|
Hypotension
|
|
Fatty streaks & intimal thickening, Atheromatous plaques, and Progressive narrowing to complete occlusion of the arterial lumen are pathological changes of __________
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
Intermittent attacks of chest pain
|
Angina
|
|
Type of angina that is exercised induced. Stable, Prinzmetal, Unstable
|
Stable
|
|
Type of angina that is at rest, due to coronary vasospasms. Stable, Prinzmetal, Unstable
|
Prinzmetal
|
|
Type of angina that is at rest and last long. Stable, Prinzmetal, Unstable
|
Unstable
|
|
Leading cause of in the US, due to occlusion of the coronary arteries by a thrombus at the sight of a ruptured athersclerotic plaque
|
MI
|
|
________ infarcts are the most common type characterized by coagulation necrosis
|
Transmural
|
|
Match the times w/ events: 6-12hrs / 12-24 hrs / 24-72 hrs / >72hrs / within 6 wks……neutrophils / scarring / pale area / inc creatine kinase, troponin, & myoglobin / neutrophils replaced by macrophages, resorption of necrotic muscle tissue & formation of granulation tissue
|
6-12hrs…inc creatine kinase, troponin, & myoglobin / 12-24 hrs...pale area / 24-72 hrs...neutrophils / >72hrs...neutrophils replaced by macrophages, resorption of necrotic muscle tissue & formation of granulation tissue / within 6 wks… scarring
|
|
Endocarditis is always the result of an infection (T/F)
|
FALSE it can be Infective or sterile
|
|
Sterile endocarditis - Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is also called _____ ______
|
Marantic endocarditis
|
|
_______ endocarditis characterized by deposition of small sterile ____ thrombi on prevously normal valves
|
Sterile, fibrin
|
|
An example of Sterile Endocarditis
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (SLE)
|
|
Abnormal immune response to streptococci (Group A beta hemolytic strep) in children affecting the heart
|
Rheumatic fever
|
|
tiny lumps in the heart muscle typical of Rheumatic heart disease
|
Aschoff bodies
|
|
Rheumatic fever can lead to abnomalities of the heart _____ which are prone to ________ & infections
|
valves, calcification
|
|
Rheumatic fever can result in ______ (Inflammation of the entire heart) and may be present w/ endocarditis, myocarditis, & pericarditis
|
pancarditis
|
|
A developmental disorder that causes growth retardation, facial abnormalities (maxillary hypoplasia etc.), & mental retardation
|
Fetal alcohol syndrome
|
|
Developmental disorder that causes Microcephaly, Microphthalmia, Cardiac defects
|
Rubella
|
|
Which one is NOT (or does not result in) a develpmental disorder: Fetal alcohol syndrome, Rubella, Herpes, Thalidomide, Radiation exposure
|
Herpes
|
|
47 XXY, Tall male, infertile, testicular atrophy
|
Klinefelter
|
|
45 X Short female, web neck, infertility, streak gonads
|
Turner
|
|
Trisomy 21, congenital heart disease, 15X inc risk for leukemia, male infertile, early alzheimer changes in CNS
|
Down's syndrome
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, defective fibrillin protein, floppy valve syndrome, dissecting aortic aneurysms, eye disorders (cataracts, detached retina)
|
Marfan
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, "rubber man" - hypermobility & hyperelasticity, defect in collagen gene, fragile vessels
|
Ehler Danlos
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, defect in collagen type 1, bones break easily, blue sclerae, dentinogenesis imperfecta
|
Osteogenesis imperfecta
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, dwarfism (short limbs), defect in endochondral ossification, affects long bones, mutation of gene encoding the receptor for fibroblast growth factor
|
Achondroplasia
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, gene on chromosome 16, progressive cystic dilation of renal tubules which become non-functional - renal failure in 3rd to 4th decade
|
Adult polycystic kidney disease
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, Expanded CAG nucleotide repeat chromosome 4, progressive dementia, chorea (involuntary movements), and affective outbursts
|
Huntington disease
|
|
Autosomal nt gene defect, low density lipoprotein cannot be removed from circulation leading to accelerated atherosclerosis & deposits fo cholesterol in tissues (xanthomas)
|
Familial hypercholesterolemia
|
|
Most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder, almost exclusively caucasians, involves lack of transport of chloride across the cell memebrane; affects bronchial glands (mucous buildup) and pancreas (dilation of ducts w/ thick mucous --> fibrosis), decreased function, malabsorption (deficiency of digestive enzymes), infertility
|
Cystic Fibrosis
|
|
Important test for cystic fibrosis
|
sweat test (Cl)
|
|
Which Lysosomal storage disease in not autosomal recessive: Tay Sachs, Gaucher's, Neimann Pick, Fabry's, Hurlers
|
Fabry's
|
|
fattly stools
|
steatorrhea
|
|
Malabsorption syndrome w/ glutin sensitivity, villous atrophy, flat mucosa, chronic inflammation, growth retardation (failure to thrive)
|
Celiac disease
|
|
Malabsorption syndrome, small intestine, tropheryma whippeli bacillus in PAS positive macrophages, arthralgias (joint pain), cardiac, neurologic symptoms
|
Whipple's disease
|
|
dilation of colon (megacolon) & absence of ganglion cells
|
Hirshprung's disease
|
|
Flask shaped ulcers in colon; liver abscesses
|
Entamoeba histolytica
|
|
the most common type of polyp to have malignant transformation, but they are the least common type of polyp
|
Villous adenomas
|
|
Which one is NOT a Multiple polyposis syndrome (very high malignant potential): Entamoeba histolytica, Gardner syndrome, Familial polyposis, Turcot syndrome
|
Entamoeba histolytica
|
|
Which is NOT a predisposing factor for colon cancer? Adenomatous polyps, inherited polyosis syndrome, Huntington disease, longstanding ulcerative colitis, genetic factors, low fiber/high animal fat diet
|
Huntington disease
|
|
Which is not a Type 1 hypersensitivity eczema, hay fever, asthma, anaphylactic shock, contact dermatitis.
|
contact dermatitis = type 4
|
|
Which is not a Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction: Goodpastures, serum sickness, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, erythroblastisis fetalis, hypersensitivity, Graves disease, myasthenia graves.
|
serum sickness = Type 3
|
|
Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions include SLE, serum sickness, erythematosus and _________.
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
Contact dermatits, sarcoidosis and TB are Type __ reactions.
|
4
|
|
Type 4 reactions require antibodies. T/F
|
FALSE
|
|
IgG is the most abundant Ig. T/F
|
TRUE
|
|
Which Ig is first to be excreted on antigenic stimulation.
|
IgM
|
|
IgE is found on the surface of ____ cells involved with Type 1 reactions.
|
mast
|
|
Congo red dye --> green birefringence of this beta-pleated material.
|
amyloid
|
|
Primary amyloidosis is associated with monoclonal B cell proliferation; secondary with chronic inflammatory process. T/F
|
True; True
|
|
________ amyloidosis is found in the heart, kidneys, adrenal glands and liver. T/F
|
Systemic
|
|
Alzheimer's, medullary thyroid carcinoma and Langerhans cells of Type 2 diabetics may demonstrate _______ amyloidosis.
|
localized
|
|
This disease is characterized by C-R-E-S-T, calcinosis, raynauds, esphageal dysmotility, sclerodactly and telangiectasia.
|
Scleroderma
|
|
An immune complex vasculitis causing fibrinoid necrosis and thrombi in small to medium arteries more common in men:
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
Chronic inflamatory process involving muscles of extremities more common in women:
|
Polymyositis
|
|
Similar to polymyositis but involves skin:
|
Dermatomyositis
|
|
Libman Saks endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis and anti Smith antibodies:
|
SLE - also butterfly rash, raynauds
|
|
Also referred to as the "pulseless" disease when affecting the aortic arch, this disease causes intermittent claudicationa nd ischemic necrosis when the lower aorta is invloved.
|
Takayasu's arteritis
|
|
Inflamation and thrombi in medium sized vessels of the lower extremities cause cramping:
|
Buergers disease - young men smokers
|
|
_______ causes "skip areas" of nodular thickening of elastic arteries.
|
giant cell arteritits (temporal arteries)
|
|
This autoimmune disease causes necrotizing vasculitis and a triad of lesions; URT, lung and kidney.
|
Wegener's disease - shows anti-neutrophil antibodies (C-ANCA)
|
|
Normal cells - abnormal location:
|
choristoma
|
|
Normal cells - abnormal arrangement:
|
hemartoma
|
|
3 germ layers, benign/malignant usually ovariy/testes
|
teratoma
|
|
The extent the tumor spreads is referred to as ____.
|
staging
|
|
Grading refers to _____ features
|
histopathic
|
|
What is the most reliable sign of malignancy?
|
metastesis
|
|
Most malignant neoplasms are polyclonal. T/F
|
False - mono, benign are polyclonal
|
|
Which carcinogen is paired incorrectly: asbestos-mesothelioma, aniline dyes-bladder cancer, arsenic-skin/lung, aflatoxin-leukemia.
|
aflatoxin (aspergillus-mold grain)-liver cancer
|
|
Which carcinogen is paired incorrectly: benzene-leukemia, uranium-lung, chimney sweep-scrotal cancer.
|
all are correct
|
|
Which virus is matched incorrectly: EBV-mono/Burkitt's, HPV 16/18-cervical cancer, Hep B/C-hepatocellular carcinoma, Herpes 8-bursitis.
|
Herpes 8-Kaposi's
|
|
Proto-oncogene --> oncogene by 4 mechanisms: point mutation, gene amplification, _________ and _______.
|
translocation, insertion
|
|
_______ is an example of malcontrolled gene amplification.
|
Neuroblastoma
|
|
Philly chromosome --> chronic myelogenous lukemia and EBV --> Burkitt's are examples of _____.
|
translocation, insertion
|
|
HBV --> liver cell is an example of ________.
|
insertional mutagenesis
|
|
Which is not a tumor suppressor gene: p53, APC, NFI, WTI, VHL, BRCA1&2.
|
all are correct
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List the signs & symptoms of congenital infection (TORCH)
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Toxoplasma, Others (HIV, syphilis, TB, EBV), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes
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The 2nd most common inherited cause of mental retardation (after Down's syndrome), Expansion of CGC trinucleotide repeat.
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Fragile X syndrome
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Fragile X syndrome, Huntingtons, myotonic dystrophy, & Friedreichs ataxia are all gentic defects of what type?
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Trinucleotide repeats
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Most common autosomal nt disease
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Familial hypercholesterolemia
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Most common autosomal recessive diseases
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sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, hereditary hemochromatosis
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Which is NOT a tumor marker: Alphafetalprotein, human chronic gonadotropin (HCG), seritonin, calcintonin, PSA, CEA
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seritonin
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occures in children following an acute viral febrile illness in association w/ asprin intake. Characterized by microvesicular fatty changes in the liver & encephalopathy
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Reye Syndrome
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Match the name w/ the disease: Marasmus, Kwashiorkor…protein deficiency w/ adequate calories > 1yr old (fattly liver, hypoalbumineria --> severe edema), deficiency of almost all nutrients < 1yr old
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Marasmus= deficiency of almost all nutrients < 1yr old, Kwashiorkor=protein deficiency w/ adequate calories > 1yr old (fattly liver, hypoalbumineria --> severe edema)
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Vitamin ___ deficiency results in pernicious anaemia, neuropsychiatric disorders
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B12
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Vitamin ___ deficiency results in Pellegra (3 D's: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis
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B5
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Vitamin ___ deficiency results in Beriberi, also w/ alcoholics it can lead to Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome --> ataxia (loss of coordination) , confusion, confabulation (stories)
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B1 (thiamin)
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Vitamin ___ deficiency results in defective collagen (bone formation, bleeding, poor wound healing)
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C
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Vitamin ___ deficiency results in Rickets in children & osteomalacia in s
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D
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Deficiency of _____ _____ results in magaloblastic anemia (neurological dysfunction)
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folic acid
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