Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What colors the substantia nigra?
|
neuromelanin
|
|
What is lipofuscin?
|
cytoplasmic accumulation of oxidezed lipids and lipoproteins
|
|
What is the morphological alteration of neurons in the setting of acute necrosis (usually ischemc)?
|
red neuron (eosinophilic neuronal degeneration)
|
|
Where would you find a red neuron? and when?
|
12-24 hrs post ischemia. This is an irreversible change where everything shrinks and disappears
|
|
What occurs when a neuron undergoes axonotomy?
|
Central chromatolysis: swelling of cell body
|
|
What causes neuronal cell body swelling in central chromatolysis?
|
a switch from manufacture of synaptic proteins to STRUCTURAL proteins after axon is damaged.
|
|
Cells in the brain and their embryonic origin?
|
Neuroectoderm form glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma.
|
|
Function of astrocytes?
|
1) stroma
2) Supply nutrients 3) Scar formation and repair 4) Maintain K+/NT degradation 5) BBB |
|
What is gliosis?
|
Astrocyte proliferation and intracellular accumulation of glial filaments in response to brain injuery = fibrosis in CNS
|
|
What lines the ventricles?
|
ependymal cells; they cannot proliferate
|
|
What colors the substantia nigra?
|
neuromelanin
|
|
What is lipofuscin?
|
cytoplasmic accumulation of oxidezed lipids and lipoproteins
|
|
What is the morphological alteration of neurons in the setting of acute necrosis (usually ischemc)?
|
red neuron (eosinophilic neuronal degeneration)
|
|
Where would you find a red neuron? and when?
|
12-24 hrs post ischemia. This is an irreversible change where everything shrinks and disappears
|
|
What occurs when a neuron undergoes axonotomy?
|
Central chromatolysis: swelling of cell body
|
|
What causes neuronal cell body swelling in central chromatolysis?
|
a switch from manufacture of synaptic proteins to STRUCTURAL proteins after axon is damaged.
|
|
Cells in the brain and their embryonic origin?
|
Neuroectoderm form glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma.
|
|
Function of astrocytes?
|
1) stroma
2) Supply nutrients 3) Scar formation and repair 4) Maintain K+/NT degradation 5) BBB |
|
What is gliosis?
|
Astrocyte proliferation and intracellular accumulation of glial filaments in response to brain injuery = fibrosis in CNS
|
|
What lines the ventricles?
|
ependymal cells; they cannot proliferate
|
|
What is granular ependymitis?
|
loss/destruction of ependymal cells which leads to proliferation of subependymal astrocytes which leaves ventricular surface looking granular
|
|
Microglial cells from?
|
mesoderm
|
|
Pathological reaction seen in viral encephalitis?
|
microglial nodules and neuronophagia (eating injured neuron)
|
|
What characterizes HIV encephalitis?
|
multinucleated microglial cell
|
|
pathology associated with meningothelial cells
|
Meningiomas and meningitis (which may lead to communicating hydrocephalus)
|
|
define cerebral edema
|
it is an increase in brain volume due to increased tissue water content
|
|
Types of cerebral edema?
|
vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial.
|
|
What type of edema is seen in abscesses and why?
|
vasogenic edema because of increased microvascular permeability
|
|
accumulation of water in vasogenic edema is typically where?
|
extracellular in white matter
|
|
Cytotoxic edema occurs when and in what area?
|
during ischemia so lack of energy disales Na-K pump causing intracellular swelling in gray matter (makes sense because this is where cell bodies are)
|
|
What is interstitial edema?
|
edema caused by ovstructive hydrocephalus that forces fluid into parenchyma through ependymal cells.
|
|
What is a brain herniation?
|
when parenchyma is shifte from one anatomic compartment to another
|
|
Partial opthalmoplegia and papillary dilation?
|
uncal herniation, PSNS fibers are damaged; test with pupillary light reflex (the fibers are outside on CN III)
|
|
What structures may be affected by an uncal herniation?
|
CNIII,PCA, vascular tears in general, cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tract crus cerebri)
|
|
What are duret hemorrhages?
|
brainstem hemorrhage due to increased pressure above tentorium
|
|
What can cause a false localizing sign?
|
Kernohan's notch: compression of contralateral cerebral peduncle causing hemiparesis ipsilateral to uncal herniation
|
|
Complication of cerebellar tonsillar herniation?
|
compression of medulla with respiratory and cardiac centers
|
|
herniation of singulate gyrus may cause what?
|
occulsion of ACA and manifest as weakness and/or sensory loss in leg.
|
|
leading cause of death in people under 45 in developed contries?
|
head injury, usually blunt
|
|
fracture in which suture opens?
|
diastatic fracture
|
|
displaced skull fracture?
|
fragment of skull is displaced by at least thickness of skull
|
|
symptoms of basal fracture?
|
rhinorrhea, otorrhea due to severe impact across middle cranial fossa
|
|
loss of consciousness, reflexes, respiratory arrest?
|
concussion
|
|
coup contusion?
|
bursing of brain at site of impact without fracture
|
|
contusion from sudden deceleration?
|
contrecoup contusion
|
|
plaque jaune?
|
end stage morphology after a contusion: it is a wedge shaped scar w hemosiderin
|
|
What is DAI?
|
widespread damage of CNS due to accel/decel without impact; often includes loss of conscienceness
|
|
diagnosis of DAI requires?
|
MAIcroscope
|
|
epidural hematomes from what?
|
middle miningeal from foramen spinosum
|
|
subdural hematoma from?
|
bridging vein
|
|
subdural hematoma common in?
|
elderlyalcoholics where cortical atrophy has stretched veins
|
|
subarachnoid headache from?
|
aneurysm rupture. worste headach of life.
|
|
intraparenchymal hematoms from?
|
contusional damages, HTN, typically frontal and temporal lobes
|
|
types of missle head injury? usually due to?
|
Depressed, Penetrating, or Perforating, caused by bullets
|
|
What is dementia pugilisstica?
|
post-traumatic demential due to repeated head trauma
|
|
hydrocephalus with loss of white matter due to DAI, neurofibillary tangles, and amyloid plaqes?
|
post-traumatic dementia
|
|
MCC of vegetative state?
|
blunt head injury, dAI, ischemia.
|
|
Damage to spinal cord most commonly due to?
|
displacement of vertebral column and vascular compromise.
|
|
Cystic changes with necrotic lesions, gliosis, and wallerian degernation is a sign of what?
|
chronic cord damage; acute only has axonal swelling, hemorrhage and necrosis.
|
|
Lesion at what spinal cord levels would produce quadriplgia and respiratory compromise?
|
C4 and up
|
|
Lesion at what spinal cord levels would produce quadaplegia only?
|
C4-c8
|
|
Lesion of what spinal cord level would produce paraplegia?
|
C8 and below
|