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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What colors the substantia nigra?
neuromelanin
What is lipofuscin?
cytoplasmic accumulation of oxidezed lipids and lipoproteins
What is the morphological alteration of neurons in the setting of acute necrosis (usually ischemc)?
red neuron (eosinophilic neuronal degeneration)
Where would you find a red neuron? and when?
12-24 hrs post ischemia. This is an irreversible change where everything shrinks and disappears
What occurs when a neuron undergoes axonotomy?
Central chromatolysis: swelling of cell body
What causes neuronal cell body swelling in central chromatolysis?
a switch from manufacture of synaptic proteins to STRUCTURAL proteins after axon is damaged.
Cells in the brain and their embryonic origin?
Neuroectoderm form glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma.
Function of astrocytes?
1) stroma
2) Supply nutrients
3) Scar formation and repair
4) Maintain K+/NT degradation
5) BBB
What is gliosis?
Astrocyte proliferation and intracellular accumulation of glial filaments in response to brain injuery = fibrosis in CNS
What lines the ventricles?
ependymal cells; they cannot proliferate
What colors the substantia nigra?
neuromelanin
What is lipofuscin?
cytoplasmic accumulation of oxidezed lipids and lipoproteins
What is the morphological alteration of neurons in the setting of acute necrosis (usually ischemc)?
red neuron (eosinophilic neuronal degeneration)
Where would you find a red neuron? and when?
12-24 hrs post ischemia. This is an irreversible change where everything shrinks and disappears
What occurs when a neuron undergoes axonotomy?
Central chromatolysis: swelling of cell body
What causes neuronal cell body swelling in central chromatolysis?
a switch from manufacture of synaptic proteins to STRUCTURAL proteins after axon is damaged.
Cells in the brain and their embryonic origin?
Neuroectoderm form glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma.
Function of astrocytes?
1) stroma
2) Supply nutrients
3) Scar formation and repair
4) Maintain K+/NT degradation
5) BBB
What is gliosis?
Astrocyte proliferation and intracellular accumulation of glial filaments in response to brain injuery = fibrosis in CNS
What lines the ventricles?
ependymal cells; they cannot proliferate
What is granular ependymitis?
loss/destruction of ependymal cells which leads to proliferation of subependymal astrocytes which leaves ventricular surface looking granular
Microglial cells from?
mesoderm
Pathological reaction seen in viral encephalitis?
microglial nodules and neuronophagia (eating injured neuron)
What characterizes HIV encephalitis?
multinucleated microglial cell
pathology associated with meningothelial cells
Meningiomas and meningitis (which may lead to communicating hydrocephalus)
define cerebral edema
it is an increase in brain volume due to increased tissue water content
Types of cerebral edema?
vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial.
What type of edema is seen in abscesses and why?
vasogenic edema because of increased microvascular permeability
accumulation of water in vasogenic edema is typically where?
extracellular in white matter
Cytotoxic edema occurs when and in what area?
during ischemia so lack of energy disales Na-K pump causing intracellular swelling in gray matter (makes sense because this is where cell bodies are)
What is interstitial edema?
edema caused by ovstructive hydrocephalus that forces fluid into parenchyma through ependymal cells.
What is a brain herniation?
when parenchyma is shifte from one anatomic compartment to another
Partial opthalmoplegia and papillary dilation?
uncal herniation, PSNS fibers are damaged; test with pupillary light reflex (the fibers are outside on CN III)
What structures may be affected by an uncal herniation?
CNIII,PCA, vascular tears in general, cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tract crus cerebri)
What are duret hemorrhages?
brainstem hemorrhage due to increased pressure above tentorium
What can cause a false localizing sign?
Kernohan's notch: compression of contralateral cerebral peduncle causing hemiparesis ipsilateral to uncal herniation
Complication of cerebellar tonsillar herniation?
compression of medulla with respiratory and cardiac centers
herniation of singulate gyrus may cause what?
occulsion of ACA and manifest as weakness and/or sensory loss in leg.
leading cause of death in people under 45 in developed contries?
head injury, usually blunt
fracture in which suture opens?
diastatic fracture
displaced skull fracture?
fragment of skull is displaced by at least thickness of skull
symptoms of basal fracture?
rhinorrhea, otorrhea due to severe impact across middle cranial fossa
loss of consciousness, reflexes, respiratory arrest?
concussion
coup contusion?
bursing of brain at site of impact without fracture
contusion from sudden deceleration?
contrecoup contusion
plaque jaune?
end stage morphology after a contusion: it is a wedge shaped scar w hemosiderin
What is DAI?
widespread damage of CNS due to accel/decel without impact; often includes loss of conscienceness
diagnosis of DAI requires?
MAIcroscope
epidural hematomes from what?
middle miningeal from foramen spinosum
subdural hematoma from?
bridging vein
subdural hematoma common in?
elderlyalcoholics where cortical atrophy has stretched veins
subarachnoid headache from?
aneurysm rupture. worste headach of life.
intraparenchymal hematoms from?
contusional damages, HTN, typically frontal and temporal lobes
types of missle head injury? usually due to?
Depressed, Penetrating, or Perforating, caused by bullets
What is dementia pugilisstica?
post-traumatic demential due to repeated head trauma
hydrocephalus with loss of white matter due to DAI, neurofibillary tangles, and amyloid plaqes?
post-traumatic dementia
MCC of vegetative state?
blunt head injury, dAI, ischemia.
Damage to spinal cord most commonly due to?
displacement of vertebral column and vascular compromise.
Cystic changes with necrotic lesions, gliosis, and wallerian degernation is a sign of what?
chronic cord damage; acute only has axonal swelling, hemorrhage and necrosis.
Lesion at what spinal cord levels would produce quadriplgia and respiratory compromise?
C4 and up
Lesion at what spinal cord levels would produce quadaplegia only?
C4-c8
Lesion of what spinal cord level would produce paraplegia?
C8 and below