Pathology - Chp2 - Inflammation

Front 1

What is the role and leukocyte molecule that P-selectin binds?

Back 1

Sialyl-Lewis X-modified proteins

Hint 1

Rolling (neutrophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes)

Front 2

What is the role and leukocyte molecule that E-selectin binds?

Back 2

Sialyl-Lewis X-modified proteins

Hint 2

Rolling and adhesion (neutrophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes)

Front 3

What is the role and leukocyte molecule that GlyCam-1, CD34 binds?

Back 3

L-selectin - L-selectin is expressed weakly on neutrophils. It is involved in the binding of circulating T-lymphocytes to the high endothelial venules in lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues, and subsequent "homing" of lymphocytes to these tissues.

Hint 3

Rolling (neutrophils, monocytes)

Front 4

What is the role and leukocyte molecule that ICAM-1 binds?

Back 4

CD11/CD18 (β2) integrins (LFA-1, Mac-1)

Hint 4

Adhesion, arrest, transmigration (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

Front 5

What is the role and leukocyte molecule that VCAM-1 binds?

Back 5

VLA-4 (β1) integrin

Hint 5

Adhesion (eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

Front 6

Cells and Molecules Involved in Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Back 6

Neutrophils

Front 7

Cells and Molecules Involved in Acute transplant rejection

Back 7

Lymphocytes; antibodies and complement

Front 8

Cells and Molecules Involved in Asthma

Back 8

Eosinophils; IgE antibodies

Front 9

Cells and Molecules Involved in Glomerulonephritis

Back 9

Neutrophils, monocytes; antibodies and complement

Front 10

Cells and Molecules Involved in Septic shock

Back 10

Cytokines

Front 11

Cells and Molecules Involved in Lung abscess

Back 11

Neutrophils (and bacteria)

Front 12

Cells and Molecules Involved in Arthritis

Back 12

Lymphocytes, macrophages; antibodies?

Front 13

Cells and Molecules Involved in Chronic Asthma

Back 13

Eosinophils; IgE antibodies

Front 14

Cells and Molecules Involved in Atherosclerosis

Back 14

Macrophages; lymphocytes?

Front 15

Cells and Molecules Involved in Chronic transplant rejection

Back 15

Lymphocytes; cytokines

Front 16

Cells and Molecules Involved in Pulmonary fibrosis

Back 16

Macrophages; fibroblasts

Front 17

Defect in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 1

Back 17

Defective leukocyte adhesion because of mutations in β chain of CD11/CD18 integrins

Front 18

Defect in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 2

Back 18

Defective leukocyte adhesion because of mutations in fucosyl transferase required for synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharide (ligand for selectins)

Front 19

Defect in Chronic granulomatous disease

Back 19

Decreased oxidative burst

Front 20

Defect in MPO deficiency

Back 20

Decreased microbial killing because of defective MPO-H2O2 system

Front 21

Defect in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Back 21

Decreased leukocyte functions because of mutations affecting protein involved in lysosomal membrane traffic

Front 22

Defect in Bone marrow suppression: tumors, radiation, and chemotherapy

Back 22

Production of leukocytes

Front 23

Defect in Diabetes, malignancy, sepsis, chronic dialysis

Back 23

Adhesion and chemotaxis

Front 24

Defect in Leukemia, anemia, sepsis, diabetes, malnutrition

Back 24

Phagocytosis and microbicidal activity

Front 25

What is the principal source and action of histamine

Back 25

Mast cells, basophils, platelets

Hint 25

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

Front 26

What is the principal source and action of serotonin

Back 26

Platelets

Hint 26

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

Front 27

What is the principal source and action of prostaglandins

Back 27

Mast cells, leukocytes

Hint 27

Vasodilation, pain, fever

Front 28

What is the principal source and action of leukotrienes

Back 28

Mast cells, leukocytes

Hint 28

Increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation

Front 29

What is the principal source and action of PAF (platelet-activating factor)

Back 29

Leukocytes, mast cells

Hint 29

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst

Front 30

What is the principal source and action of ROS

Back 30

Leukocytes

Hint 30

Killing of microbes, tissue damage

Front 31

What is the principal source and action of NO

Back 31

Endothelium, macrophages

Hint 31

Vascular smooth muscle relaxation, killing of microbes

Front 32

What is the principal source and action of cytokines (TNF, IL-1)

Back 32

Macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells

Hint 32

Local endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules), fever/pain/anorexia/hypotension, decreased vascular resistance (shock)

Front 33

What is the principal source and action of chemokines

Back 33

Leukocytes, activated macrophages

Hint 33

Chemotaxis, leukocyte activation

Front 34

What is the principal source and action of complement products (C5a, C3a, C4a)

Back 34

Plasma (produced in liver)

Hint 34

Leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, vasodilation (mast cell stimulation)

Front 35

What is the principal source and action of Kinins

Back 35

Plasma (produced in liver)

Hint 35

Increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain

Front 36

What is the principal source and action of proteases activated during coagulation

Back 36

Plasma (produced in liver)

Hint 36

Endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment

Front 37

Principal action of PGI2 (prostacyclin), PGE1, PGE2, PGD2

Back 37

Vasodilation

Front 38

Principal action of Thromboxane A2, leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Back 38

Vasoconstriction

Front 39

Principal action of Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

Back 39

Increased vascular permeability

Front 40

Principal action of Leukotriene B4, HETE

Back 40

Chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

Front 41

Principal source and action of TNF

Back 41

Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes

Hint 41

Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects

Front 42

Principal source and action of IL-1

Back 42

Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

Hint 42

Similar to TNF; greater role in fever

Front 43

Principal source and action of IL-6

Back 43

Macrophages, other cells

Hint 43

Systemic effects (acute-phase response)

Front 44

Principal source and action of chemokines

Back 44

Macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, mast cells, other cell types

Hint 44

Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation; migration of cells to normal tissues

Front 45

Principal source and action of IL-12

Back 45

Dendritic cells, macrophages

Hint 45

Increased production of IFN-γ

Front 46

Principal source and action of IFN-γ

Back 46

T lymphocytes, NK cells

Hint 46

Activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells)

Front 47

Principal source and action of IL-17

Back 47

T lymphocytes

Hint 47

Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

Front 48

What are the mediators of Vasodilation

Back 48

Prostaglandins
Nitric oxide
Histamine

Front 49

What are the mediators of Increased vascular permeability

Back 49

Histamine and serotonin
C3a and C5a (by liberating vasoactive amines from mast cells, other cells)
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
PAF
Substance P

Front 50

What are the mediators of Chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment and activation

Back 50

TNF, IL-1
Chemokines
C3a, C5a
Leukotriene B4
(Bacterial products, e.g., N-formyl methyl peptides)

Front 51

What are the mediators of fever

Back 51

IL-1, TNF
Prostaglandins

Front 52

What are the mediators of pain

Back 52

Prostaglandins
Bradykinin

Front 53

What are the mediators of tissue damage

Back 53

Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
Reactive oxygen species
Nitric oxide

Front 54

Cause and tissue reaction of tuberculosis

Back 54

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 54

Caseating granuloma (tubercle): focus of activated macrophages (epithelioid cells), rimmed by fibroblasts, lymphocytes, histiocytes, occasional Langhans giant cells; central necrosis with amorphous granular debris; acid-fast bacilli

Front 55

Cause and tissue reaction of leprosy

Back 55

Mycobacterium leprae

Hint 55

Acid-fast bacilli in macrophages; noncaseating granulomas

Front 56

Cause and tissue reaction of syphilis

Back 56

Treponema pallidum

Hint 56

Gumma: microscopic to grossly visible lesion, enclosing wall of histiocytes; plasma cell infiltrate; central cells necrotic without loss of cellular outline

Front 57

Cause and tissue reaction of cat-scratch disease

Back 57

Gram-negative bacillus

Hint 57

Rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells uncommon

Front 58

Cause and tissue reaction of sarcoidosis

Back 58

Unknown etiology

Hint 58

Noncaseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages

Front 59

Cause and tissue reaction of Crohn disease (inflammatory bowel disease)

Back 59

Immune reaction against intestinal bacteria, self-antigens

Hint 59

Occasional noncaseating granulomas in the wall of the intestine, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate