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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immobilization |
-often secondary to major illness or injury, bed rest, or casting/splinting -body reacts adversely to the lack of mechanical stress and normal loading -deterioration occurs within days but takes many months to reverse |
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Common Musculoskeletal Disorders |
-fracture -dislocation -sublaxation -contusion -hematoma -repetitive overuse/microtrauma -strain/sprain -degenerative disease |
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Sarcopenia |
-age-related loss in muscle mass, strength, and endurance accompanied by changes in the metabolic quality of skeletal muscle -involves both reduction of muscle mass and/or function as well as the impairment of the muscle's capacity to regenerate -affected by many factors (changes in muscle metabolism, endocrine changes, nutrition, and mitochondrial and genetic factors) |
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How do Joints and Connective Tissue Change with Age? |
increased stiffness and decreased flexibility |
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How does Articular Cartilage Change with Age? |
decreased cushion of the subchondral bone and which usually provides a low-friction surface necessary for free movement |
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How do Tendons Change with Age? |
lower metabolic activity associated with aging that has implications for injury and healing |
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How does Proprioception Change with Age? |
-sense of joint position and joint movement both decline with age -especially true for knee and ankle |
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How is Bone Affected by Aging? |
-aging adversely affects the stiffness and strength of bone -caused by architectural changes, compositional changes, physiochemical changes, micromechanical changes, and in vivo microdamage |
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Type I Muscle Fibers |
-known as slow oxidative or slow-twitch fibers -fatigue-resistant red fibers |
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Type IIa Muscle Fibers |
-fast-twitch -bigger and faster than Type I -fatigue-resistant and referred to as fast-oxidative fibers |
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Type IIb Muscle Fibers |
classic white fibers which lack aerobic enzymes and fatigue rapidly |
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Strength Training |
exercise directed at improving the maximum force-generating capacity of muscle |
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Endurance Training |
exercise directed at improving stamina and aerobic capacity (VO2max) |
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Musculoskeletal Cancer |
-bone environment provides fertile ground for the growth of many tumors -cancer cells typically invade the thin-walled lymphatic channels, capillaries, and venules -organs with extensive circulatory/lymphatic systems (lungs, liver) are most common sites of metastasis |
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Musculoskeletal Infections |
-osteomyelitis: caused by bacterial organisms penetrating wounds, fractures, or surgery site
-staphylo/streptococci are the most common infecting agents -can also be caused by UTIs -approx 25% of all IBD may present with athralgia, mono/polyarthritis, and sacroiliitis |
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Characteristics of Down Syndrome |
-soft tissue laxity -muscle hypotonia -patellar dislocation -foot pronation -scoliosis -slipped capital femoral epiphysis -developmental delays -secondary disorders later in life |
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Characteristics of Scoliosis |
-abnormal lateral curvature in spine (toward right in thoracic, toward left in lumbar) -rib hump caused by rotation of verterbral column around axis -associated with excessive lordosis/kyphosis -onset any age -categories: idiopathic, osteopathic, myopathic, neuropathic -causes: structural (fixed), functional (postural)
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Characteristics of Spinal Bifida Occulta |
-incomplete fusion of posterior vertebral arch -not visible -depression or dimple -tuft of dark hair -port wine nevi -no neurological dysfunction -bowel/bladder dysfunction -foot weakness |
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Characteristics of Meningocele |
-external protrusion of meninges -saclike cyst protrudes out of spine -rare neurological deficits |
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Characteristics of Myelomeningocele |
-protrusion of meninges and spinal cord -flaccid or spastic paralysis -permanent neurological impairment depending on level of involvement -bowel/bladder dysfunctions -musculoskeletal deformities -hydrocephalus |
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Muscular Dystrophy |
-ongoing symmetrical muscle wasting with increased deformity and disability -genetic -in some forms, wasting muscles appear to hypertrophy because of connective tissue and fat deposits -6 types: Duchenne's, Beckers, Facioscapulohumeral, Limb-girdle, Myotonic, and Congenital |
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Torticollis |
-AKA "twisted neck" -contracted state of SCM, producing head tilt to affected side with rotation of chin in opposite direction -if severe, the infant can develop plagiocephaly, a flattening of the face, ear, and head |
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta |
-AKA "brittle bones" -rare, congenital disorder of collagen synthesis affecting bones and connective tissue -fracture risk -4 types: I (most common, mildest form), II (most severe), III (moderately severe), IV (variable, but usually milder course; normal or near-normal life span) |
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Osteomyelitis |
-can spread quickly through bloodstream, resulting in septicemia/septic infectious joint -deep and constant pain in LE w/ weightbearing |
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Osteomalacia
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softening of the bone |
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Osteopenia
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too little bone/low bone mass |
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Osteopetrosis
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increased bone density |
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Osteoporosis |
decreased bone density
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BMD Testing Scores |
- -1.0 to -2.5: osteopenia - -2.5 or lower: osteoporosis |
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Common Fracture Sites |
-hips -ribs -radius -femur |
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Fall Prevention |
-wear low-heeled, closed footwear with rubber soles or good gripping ability -provide adequate lighting -carefully monitor medications -provide sturdy handrails -carry items close to body -avoid changing positions quickly -keep items on shelves within reach -use assistive device if needed |
