Pathology Chapter 1

Front 1

Almost all normal cells consist of the same basic components. What are they?

Back 1

1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell membrane

Front 2

The _____ is the essential part of most living cells. It consists of nucleic acids, such as DNA, RNA and nuclear proteins.

Back 2

Nucleus

Front 3

____ is a specialized organelle composed primarily of RNA known as the nucleolus

Back 3

Chromatin

Front 4

DNA is made up of ________

Back 4

Chromosomes

Front 5

__________ cells allows the cells to assume unique features in various tissues and organs and preform specialized functions.

Back 5

Differential cells

Front 6

Embryonic cells, which have not undergone specialization and which are therefore termed _______

Back 6

Undifferentiated

Front 7

The genetic information encoded in the DNA is transcribed into the nuclear ______

Back 7

RNA

Front 8

The message is transmitted by the ________

Back 8

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 9

The messenger is called the ______ into the cytoplasm

Back 9

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 10

The _______ serves as a template for translating the genetic messages into amino acids, which are assembled into polypeptides and proteins.

Back 10

ribosomal RNA

Front 11

___ are needed for cellular growth , replication, metabolism, respiration, and other essential functions

Back 11

Proteins

Front 12

T or F
All cells have a cytoplasm

Back 12

True

Front 13

The ratio of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the so-called ____________ is high in undifferentiated embryonic cells and much lower in differentiated cells of adult tissue

Back 13

nucleocytoplamic (N:C) ratio

Front 14

The ___________ are the mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

Back 14

Cytoplasmic organelles

Front 15

___________ are cytoplasmic organelles involved primarily in the generation of energy.

Back 15

Mitochondria

Front 16

Cells with complex functions require a considerable amount of energy and therefor contain numerous _______ while undifferentiated cells (tumors) have few

Back 16

Mitochondria

Front 17

__________ are small granules composed of RNA

Back 17

Ribosomes

Front 18

Sometimes ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, or they may be attached to the membrane of __________

Back 18

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Front 19

________ are involved with protein synthesis

Back 19

ribosomes

Front 20

___________ is a mesh work of membranes that is in continuity with the outer plasma membranes on one side and the nuclear membrane on the other

Back 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 21

T or F
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum

Back 21

True
RER and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Front 22

The _________ is the site of protein synthesis for export and secretions

Back 22

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Front 23

_______ has complex metabolic functions, the most important of which are the catabolism of drugs, hormones, and various nutrients and the synthesis

Back 23

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Front 24

The ______ _______ is a synthetic organelle adjacent to the nucleus. It's tubules and flattened cisternae nucleus give rise to secretory granules and lysosomes.

Back 24

Golgi Apparatus

Front 25

________ are membrane bound digestive cytoplasm organelles that are rich in lytic enzymes.

Back 25

Lysosomes

Front 26

True of false:
Primary lysosomes fuse with other cytoplasmic vesicles to form secondary lysosomes

Back 26

True

Front 27

Secondary lysosomes normally fused with the absorptive vesicles originating from the invaginated plasma membrane to form secondary lysosomes, which are AKA _____

Back 27

heterophagosomes

Front 28

Secondary lysosomes that are involved in the digestion of a cell's own organelles are called ____________

Back 28

autophagosomes

Front 29

Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for energy generation by the cell?

A. mitochondria
B. ribosome
C. endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus

Back 29

A. mitochondria

Front 30

Which of the following organelles is the site where carbohydrates are attached to proteins to create glycoproteins?
A. lysosome
B. endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria

Back 30

C. Golgi apparatus

Front 31

Which of the following types of RNA carries the codons determining the sequence for translation leading to protein synthesis.
A. sRNA
B. tRNA
C. mRNA
D. rRNA

Back 31

C. mRNA

Front 32

Paracrine stimulation could best be described as:
A. one cell stimulating itself
B. adjacent cells act upon each other
C. hormones in the blood affect distant target cells
D. none of the above

Back 32

B. adjacent cells act upon each other

Front 33

____________________ is defined as the state of balance between opposing pressures operating in and around a cell or tissue.

Back 33

homeostasis

Front 34

___________________ is the condensation of chromatin.

Back 34

Pyknosis

Front 35

___________________ is the dissolution of nuclear material and the lysis of chromatin by enzymes.

Back 35

karyolysis

Front 36

________________ is the complete lack of oxygen.

Back 36

anoxia

Front 37

A decrease in the size of a cell , tissue, organ, or the entire body is called ___________________.

Back 37

atrophy

Front 38

An increase in the number of cells resulting in increased size of a tissue or organ is called _____________________

Back 38

Hyperplasia

Front 39

True or False Metaplasia is an irreversible change in cellular morphology.
A. True
B. False

Back 39

False

Front 40

True or False Large accumulations of fat in the form of triglycerides (normally stored in the liver) may inhibit normal hepatic function.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Which of the following types of necrosis is described as a solid mass of boiled meat in which protein structure is altered by heat.
A. caseous
B. fatty
C. liquefactive
D. coagulative

Back 41

D. coagulative

Front 42

What is a cell?

Back 42

-Basic functional unit of the body
-Consists of smaller functional units called organelles (can be seen with electron microscope)

Front 43

Hyaloplasm:

Back 43

Hyaloplasm: amorphous matrix

Front 44

Describe mitochondria

Back 44

-Surrounded by double membrane
-Contain cristae
-Involved primarily in generation of energy
-Contain oxidative enzymes participating in cellular respiration & production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 45

Describe Ribosomes

Back 45

-Small granules composed of RNA
-Involved in protein synthesis
-Two types of ribosomes:
1. Polysomes (free ribosomes)
2. Ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 46

Describe rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 46

-Ribosomes (polysomes): synthesis of protein for internal purpose
-RER: synthesis of proteins for export