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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much resistance do up inflated lungs have
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High
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When does pulmonary resistance drop?
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Inflation of lungs
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Why does DA contacrt?
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Po2 and bradykinin from lungs
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What does da convert to
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Liga,entry, arteriosum
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When breed is it heritable?
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Poodles
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PDA runs from what to what
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Between Pulmonary art to aorta
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What direction is shunt in PDA
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Left to right? Aorta to pul
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What affect does this have on la
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Volume overload? Compensatory dilation
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What does PDA have on lv
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Bol overload. Dilation and hypertrophy. Eccentric
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Describe eccentric hypertrophy
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Thin walls, large chamber
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What happens to right ventricle due to increased Pull pressure
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Concentric hypertrophy
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When can PDA shunt reverse.
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If Paul pressure increases
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Signs of shunt reversal in PDA
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Cyanosis and death. Deoxy to systemic
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What does the turbulent flow at the da predispose to?
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Thrombosis
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Atrial septal defects are failure to close of what structure
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Foramen ovale
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Atrial septal defect blood flow is
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Left to right. High to low pressure
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In asd where do you get vol overload
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Right a and v
Plus in left atrium due to increase blood coming from pulmonary circuit |
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Where do you get dilation
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Ra
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Where do you get eccentric
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Rv
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Direction of shunt in ventricular defect
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L to r
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In atrial septal defect where do you get volume overload and compensatory dilation?
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Both atria
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What is defective in ventricular defects?
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Interventricular septum defect
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What direction to VSDs normally flow?
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Left to right
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What chamber do you no get change?
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Right atria
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As before, how do you get shunt reversal?
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Pulmonary hypertension
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What else are AVSDs called?
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endocardial cushion defects
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What do the endocardial cushions help form?
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Septa and AV valves
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What do AVSDs do?
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Mixing of blood
High oressure on pulmonary art |
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What diseases does the failure of valves development include
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Stenosis
dysplasia |
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What species is typically affected by Pulmonic stenosis?
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Dogs
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What are the three forms of pulmonic stenosis?
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valvular
sub-valvular supra-valvular |
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What is the most common form of pulmonic stenosis
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Valvular
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What is the cause of pulmonic valvular stenosis?
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Disordered fusion and hollowing of valve cushions
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What does this disordered fusion and hollowing lead to?
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leaflet thickening
fusion hypoplasia excess tissue |
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What is the cuase of subvalvular stenosis?
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Ring of connective tissue encircling right outflow tract
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Supravalvular stenosis is
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narrowing of pulmonic artery
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What happens to pulmonary trunk in valvular stenosis
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Dilation
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What happens to ventricles
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Concentric hypertrophy
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What type of dogs ar normally affected by aortic/subaortic stenosis?
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Large
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Give examples of features of AV valve dysplasias
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absence of leaflets
Leaflet thickening fusion leaflets short/long tendinae atrophic/hypert papillary muscles |
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What side is mitral valve?
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Left
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When does blood flow from atria to ventricles?
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diastole
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AV valve stenosis will result in
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Increased atrial pressure
increased atrial blood vol (reduced ventricular filling) |
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What affect will this have on atria?
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hypertrophy and dilation
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What can atrial dilation predisposed by?
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atrial fibrillation
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Blood stasis can predispose to?
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Thombus
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AV valve insuficiency allows:
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chronic regurgitation into atria
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When will it regurgitate>
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systole
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What will happen to atria?
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Dilation. mild hypertrophy
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What happens to ventricles in insuficiency?
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eccentric
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Where are valvular hematomas likely to form?
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AV valves
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What malpositions/anomalies do i need to know?
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Vascular rings
transpotions common arterial trunks |
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What structures can vascular rings entrap?
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oeso and or trachea
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What is most common?
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PRA
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what is path of common arterial trunk?
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failure of septum
aorta and pul trunk common |
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What other conditions affect the cat?
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endocardial fibroelastosis
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Describe endocardial fibroelastosis
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Progressive proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissues
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What breeds are predisposed?
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Burmese and siamese
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What side are moderators bands normally found in in the cat?
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Right ventricle
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bands in the left will...
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Impaiur filling and dilation
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PERICARDIAL DISEASE
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PERICARDIAL DISEASE
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Three types of inflam for percardial disease?
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Fibrinous
Supporative Constrictive |
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Usual route for fibrinous?
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Haematogenous
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What does pneumonia and Pleuritis have to do with it?
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Possibly an extension of
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If it is grey white what kind of cells are present?
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Leukocytes
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What type of inflammation is bread and butter pericarditis?
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Fibrinous
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What is themost common cause of supporative pericarditis?
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Wire disease! Often fibrinopurulent
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What is constrictive pericarditis?
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Formation of adhesions and granulation tissue
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What are the main problems with constrictive pericarditis?
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Impaired expansion
Impaired filling |
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List the key types of pericardial effusion
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Hydropericardium
Haemopericardium Heamorraghic |
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Give 3 causes for Generalised oedema
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Heart failure
Hypoproteinemia Systemic vascular injury |
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What type of fluid is found in a hydropericardium
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Serous transudate
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What is found in a haemopericardium
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Pure blood
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Give some causes of haemopericardium
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Aortic, atril rupture
Heamoar from tumour Clotting defects Trauma |
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In cardiac tamponade how quickly must the fluid fill?
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Very, heart cannot adapt
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What happens to the heart
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Restriction and compression
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What does that compression do
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Inhibitis venous return
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Inhibited veous return means...
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Reduced cardiac filling therefor reduced output
Cardiogenic shock |
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What diseas can cause epicardial haemorrage
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Mulberry
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EndocardIal disease
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Endocsrdial disease
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Two types of endocarditis
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Mural and valvular endocarditis
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Which most significant?
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Valvular
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What side valves are most commonly affected?
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Left?
Right in cattle |
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Where do lesions develop?
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Free margin
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Give some examples of bacteria
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Staphs
Streps A pyogen |
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What permits bacterial invasion of valve leaflets?
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Bacteremia and Endothelial disruption, erosion
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What happens after erosion or ulceration?
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Inflam and thombus
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What builds up after thobmus
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Subsequent layers of fibrin deposition. Build up of colonies.
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What happens to thebase layer?
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Organised with granulation tissue, neutrophils present
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What can predispose to endocarditis?
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Turbulent blood flow eg subaortic stenosis
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Give 2 pathological conseq of endicarditis
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Valvular stenosis
Septic emboli can break off |
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What organ could be associated with endocardiosis?
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Renal faulure???
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Give 2 examples of degenative disease
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Endocardiosis
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Another name of endocardiosis
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Myxomatous valvular degeneration
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What is the most common heart condition of thdog
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Endocardiosis
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What breed is most predisposed?
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Cavvies!
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Describe endocardiosis
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Slowly progressive! Degen.
Unknown aetiology |
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What valve are normally affected?
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Av
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Wich valve is normally affected?
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Left av.(mitral)
One third right trIcuspod |
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What happens to valve leaflets?
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Thickened! Irregular smooth nodules
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What are nodules composed of?
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Fibroblast proliferation deposits poorly staining mucoploysacharide
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What can endocardiosis lead to?
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Weakening and rupture of tendinae
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Functional consequences
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Distorted valves lead to regurg or insufiency
Jet lesions |
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Jet lesions can cause
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Trauma to endocardium, Leading to foci for Endocardial fibrosis
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Causes of endocardial mineralisation
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Jet lesions
Vit d tox Healing endocarditis lesions Chronic disease |
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What disease can cause endocardial mineralisation in cattle?w
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Asting suchas johnes
Cardiopmyopthy in cats |
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Myocardial disease
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Myocardial disease
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When does primary hypertrophy occur?
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Idiopathic
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When does secondary hypertrophy occur?
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Adpative response to abnormal increase in Functional demand or trophic stim.
Valvukar defetcs Hyperthyroid |
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Concentric
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Small chamber
Tickened walls Response to pressure |
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Eccentric
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Large chamber
Tin walls Response to volume |
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Problems with myocardial hypertrophy
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Loss compliance
Myocardial blood supply cannot meet demands Interstitial fibrosis Myocardiocyte death |
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2 issues with feduced compliance
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Reduced contractiliy? Rduced force
Impaired relaxation. Reduced filling |
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Outline the process of heart failure
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Primary or secondary disease
Maladaptive chnages Reduced myocardial function Heartfsilure |
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When will youseemyocardial atrophy?
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Wasting diseases, cachexia, starvation
Following injury |
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List 3 degenerative changes in the myocardium
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Fatty infiltration
Hydropic change Fatty change |
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What is lipofuscinosis
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Old age
Myocard atrophy Dark brown bronzed appearance |
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What is appearance of myocardial necrosis
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Pallar at 12-24h
Then mineralised Necrotic replaced by scar |
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What regions are most prone to ischaemic injury
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Pappilary muscles
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What is white muscle diseass
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Selenium vit e defic
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What colour is cytoplasm in necrotic myocardiocytes
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Pale eosinophillic
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What is basophillic stipling?
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Minralisation
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How long after injury will you see repair?
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7-10d
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What will happen first?
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Proliferation of fibroblasts and new blood vessels
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What type of tissue is deposited?
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Collagenous
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How can you get supporative myocarditisa.
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Septicemia
Septic emboli Evalvular endocarditis |
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When will you see eosinophillic
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Parasitic. Eg cysticercus ovis
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When might you see lymphocytic inFlammatory response?
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Viral, eg parvo
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When will ou see a haemorrhagic Inflam
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Clostridium chauvieii? Blackleg
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What might toxoplasma cause?
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Myocardial necrosis
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What might cause myocardial necrosis?
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Huge list
Inflam Nutrional Toxic Ischemia Cns injury Gastric |
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When might you see pyogranulomatous myocarditis?
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Fip
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Why does fip cause pyogranulomatous myocarditis?
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Vasculitis
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Cardiomyopathy
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Cardiomyopathy
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Primary cardimyopathy is
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Idiopathic
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What are the 3 main morpholical types of cardiomyopathy?
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Hypertrophic
Dilated Restricted |
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What cat breed is predisposed to primary hypertrophic myocardiopathy
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Maine coon
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What will hcm cause in ventricles
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Reduced compliance
Inabili to fill in diastole |
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What is key appearance of hcm histologicslly
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Haphazard arrangement and hypertrophy
Areas of interstitial fibrosis |
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What does hcm and dcm predispose to?
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Thombosis
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Roughtly describe the look of dcm
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Globular heart
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What side normslly more greatly enlarged?
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Left
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What might happen to Av valves?
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Insufiency
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What is the result of dcm
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Pump failure due to weak contraction.
Arrythmias. Sudden death |
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Not covering restrictive
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Not coverting restrictive
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What causes myocardial infarction
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Throm oembolism in coronary arteries
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What can predispose to heart attack?
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Diseases of coronary arts such as atherosclerosis and arterisclerosis
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Name common heart tumours
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Hemangiosarcoma
Lymphoma Chemodectoma Tmour of ectopic thyroid tissue Shwannoma Neurofibroma |
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Common breed for hemangiosarc
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Gsd
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Common site for hsa
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Right atrium
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What shape is hemangiosarc
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Spindle shaped ! Pleomorphic? Boood filled channels
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Another name for chemodectoma?
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Aortic body chemo receptor tumour
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Wherer are chemodectomas situated?
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Base, junction between pul art and aorta
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What are peripheral nerve sheath tumours?
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Tumours of cardiac nerves.Creamy yellow mass.
Usually incidental Growth alomgside coronary |
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What is heart failure?
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Cannot maintain cardiac output to maintain body demands
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Types
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Acute ir chronic
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Key causes of acute
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Massive infarction due to thromboembolism
Severe arythmia |
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Key outcomes of acute
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Rapid drop in output.
Syncope Compensatory mechanisms |
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3types of chronic hf
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Pump failure.
Obstruction to flow Regurg |
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In pump failure, what type of dysfunction reults in Weak contractions
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Systolic
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Causes of systolic dysfunction and so weak contractions
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Infraction
Dcm Conduction dx |
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Reduced compliance is a ...dysfunction
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Diastolic dysfunction
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Causes include
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Hypertrophic or Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Fribrosis Cardiac tamponade |
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What can cause obstruction to flow reulting in heart failure?
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Hypertension, pul or systemic
Stenosis |
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Regurgitant flow causes
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Volume overload
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Causes of Regurgitant flow
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Valvular endocardiosis
Valvular endocarditis Septal defects Pda |
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What is congestive heart failure?
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Inability of heart to maintain adequate output and deal with venous return
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What happens to effective circulatory volume in congestive failure?
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Drops
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Drop in effective volume results in
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Activation of physiological to increase Vol. despite Total volume being adequate
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Increasing volume will
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Increase venous return.
Increase co Increase tissue perfusion |
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Howevere increasing volume will
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Increase venous pressure, decrease osmotic pressure and cause oedema
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Two ways to characterise conjestive failure
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Pulmonary and or systemic
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How fast will conjestive heart failure develop?
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Slow. Common final pathway
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Briefly describe forward failure
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Reduced Forward cardiac output
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Briefly describe backward failure
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Damming of blood, causing conjestion and increased pressure
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