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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four histologic features which distinguish benign and malignant tumors.
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A: Anaplasia - lack of differentiated features in a cancer cell; usually correlated with the aggressiveness of the tumor; examples of anaplastic cytology:
-Variation in size and shape of cells and cell nuclei (plemorphism) -Enlarged and hypercroatic nuclei, clumped chromatin, promnent, nucleoli -Atypical mitosis -Bizarre cells (tumor giant cells) B: Mitotic Activity greater than normal C: Invasion, particulary of blood vessels (hematogenous) and lymphatics D: Metastasis |
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Three Steps involved for tumor cell invasion to occur:
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A: Binding to the extracellular matrix
B; Degradation of extracellular matrix by proteolytic (breakdown) enzymes C: Movement of the malignant cell through the interstitial tissue (probably by protruded pseudopodia) |
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The three Involved for malignant cells to metastasize
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INVASION of the circulation by vascular or lymphatic channels
ESCAPE from the circulation by extravasation from the basement membrane. TUMOR SECRETION of factors that stimulate new vascular growth (angiogenesis) to sustain the new tissue growth. |
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How cancer is graded by cytology/histology
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Grading is based on the
DEGREE of anaplasia, determined by the shape and regularity of the cells and on the number of proliferating cells, and NUMBER of proliferating cells. Most grading schemes classify tumors into three or four grades of increasing degree of malignancy. |
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How cancer is staged
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The extent of spread (staging) is independent of cytologic grading and is done by the internationally accepted ATNM system:
T - refers to the size of the primary Tumor N - to the Number and distribution of lymph Node metastases M - to the presence and extent of distant metastases. |
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Three major classes of carcinogens, give examples
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Chemical - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Physical - UV radiation Viral - Papilloma virus |
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Two Mechanisms by which normal genes might become oncogenes
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A: A mutation in the structure of the proto-oncogene (normal growth/differetiation genes)
B: An increase in the expression of the proto-oncogene causing overproduction of a normal gene product. |
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Name the genes that are increasingly being incriinated inthe pathogenesis of both hereditary and spontaneous cancers in humans; briefly describe how these genes normally work to prevent cancer.
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Tumor suppressor gene - probably produces a normal gene product that restrains abnormal amounts of cell division; a mutation may create a deficiency of this normal gene product.
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Six major paraneoplastic syndromes that cancer may produce in a patient
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Fever
Anorexia and weight loss Endocrine Syndromes Neurologic syndromes Hematologic syndromes Hypercoagulopathy |
