Pathology

Front 1

acessory breast tissue can often be found inwhat two locations

Back 1

anterolaterla chest wall and axillary fossa

Front 2

describe the embryologic development of supernumerary nipples/breast

Back 2

result from persistence of epidermal thickenings along the milk line extending from the axilla to the perineum both below the adult breast and above it in the anterior axillary fold

Front 3

the pathogensis of acute mastitis

Back 3

during the early weeks of nursing the breast is rendered vulnerable to bacterial infection by the development of cracks and fissures in the nipples

Front 4

the two most common etiologic agents of acute mastitis

Back 4

from the portal of entry staphylococcus aureus usually or streptococci less commonly invade the breast substance

Front 5

fat necrosis of breast

Back 5

focal necrosis of fat tissue in the breast followed by inflammatory reaction that tends to occur as an isoloated sharply localized process in one breast

Front 6

major clincal signifgance of fat necrosis of the breast

Back 6

it is commonly confused for tumor when fibrosis has created a clincially palpable mass or focal calcification seen on mammography

Front 7

pathogensis of fibrocystic changes of the breast

Back 7

hormonal imbalances are considered to be basic to development of this disorder excess estrogens deficiency progesterone.

Front 8

what are the three dominant patterns of morphologic change seen in fibrocystic condition

Back 8

cyst formation, often with apocrine metaplasia, fibrosis and adenosis

Front 9

a blue dome cysete of the breast is associated with

Back 9

fibrocystic changes

Front 10

fibrocystic changes do or do not elevate the risk of developing cancer

Back 10

they do not, increased risk of developing cancer is assocaited with proliferative breast disease including epithelial hperplasia, sclerosing adenosis and small duct pap

Front 11

atypical ductal hyperplasia

Back 11

recognized by its histologic resemblance to ductal carcinoma in situ the cells are not completely monomorphic in type or fail to competely fill ductal spaces

Front 12

atypical lobular hyperplasia

Back 12

proliferation of a population of cells that resemble those of lobular carcinoma in situ but do not fill or distend more then 50% of lobule

Front 13

the most common benign tumor of the breast

Back 13

fibroadenoma

Front 14

fibroadenoma of the breast

Back 14

grows as a spherical nodule that sharlpy circumscribed and freely moveable from the surrounding breast substance

Front 15

when fibroadenomas becomes signifcantly larger it is known as

Back 15

giant fibroadenoma

Front 16

what tumor is similar to fibroadenoma but often occures in 6th decade of life

Back 16

Phyllodes tumor

Front 17

papillomas of the breast are most frequently found in the

Back 17

principal lactiferous ducts or sinuses

Front 18

papillomas of the breat usually present with

Back 18

unilateral serous of bloddy nipple discharge, small palpable masses, mammographic densities

Front 19

etiology and incidence of breast carcinoma

Back 19

1 in 9 women is US, 1/3 will succumb to the disease, it is rarely found before 25yrs

Front 20

what are the classifications of carcinoma of the breast

Back 20

noninvasive or in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma

Front 21

carcinoma occurs mainly in which breast and what breast quadrants

Back 21

Left breast and upper outer quandrant

Front 22

name the 5 architectural subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ

Back 22

comedocarcinoma, solid, cribiform, papillary and micropapillary

Front 23

list the clinical features of medullary carcinoma of the breast

Back 23

occurs in younger than average women, accounts for 13% of cancers in women carrying BRCA 1 gene

Front 24

which stains can be used to identify Paget Cells in Paget disease of the breast

Back 24

Epithelial membrane antigen, c-erb-B2, low molecular weight keratins

Front 25

inflammatory carcinoma of the breast is a special variant of

Back 25

Invasive carcinoma of the breast

Front 26

inflammatory carcinoma of the breast is clinically manifested by

Back 26

acute swelling, redness and tenderness

Front 27

what is the cause of peau d'orange appearance of the skin in carcinoma of the breast

Back 27

lymphatics may become so invovled as to block the local area of skin drainage and cause lymphedema and thickening of the skin

Front 28

the most common route for metastases of carcinoma of the breast is

Back 28

Lymphohematgoenous route

Front 29

what are the various agents used in conjunction with surgery to treat breast cancer

Back 29

local and regional control using combos of postoperative irradiation, systemic control using hormone therapy or chemotherapy and or both

Front 30

describe the significance of the presence of hormone receptors in breast cancers

Back 30

50-80% of tumors exhibit estrogen receptors and such tumors are more commonly found in postmenopausal women

Front 31

discuss varies malignancies of the breast

Back 31

malignant neoplasia may arise from skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair shafts. the most common nonmammary metastases are from melanomas and lung cancer

Front 32

describe the pathogensis of gynecomastia of the breast including some of the major clinical conditions where it occurs

Back 32

gynoecomastia may occur as a result of imbalance between estrogens which stimulate breast tissue and androgens which counteract these effects