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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two principle cell types of alveolar epithelium
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Type I pneumocytes-flattened platelike pavement, covering 95% of the alveolar surface. Type II pneumocytes rounded, source pulmonary surfactnet main cell type involved in the repair of alveolar epithelium
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what phospholipid decreases surface tension within the alveoli
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surfactant
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the most common hemodynamic of pulmonary edema is caused by
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increased hydrostatic pressure
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pulmonary edema most frequently occurs in
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left sided congestive heart failure
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describe pathogenic mechanism of adult respiratory distress syndrome
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diffuse damage to the alveolar capillary walls caused by a variety of insults and probably initiated by different mechanisms
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the classic pahtologic change seen in audlt respiratory distress syndrome ARDS
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Hyaline membranes
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describe various stages of ARDS
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initial injury is to either capillary endothelium or alveolar epithelium. damage of these cells leads to increased permeability edema, fibrin exudate and formation of hayline membrane
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the usual source of pulmonary emboli is
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thrombi in the deep veins of the leg
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a larger embolus that impacts in the main pulmonary artery or its branches is known as
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saddle embolus
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deaht as a result of saddle embolus is caused by
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blockage of blood flow through the lungs or acute dilatation of the right side of the heart
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atelectasis
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incomplete expansion of the lungs or to the collapse of previously inflated lung substance producing areas of relatively airless pulmonary parenchyma
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obstruction (resoprtion) actelectasis
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consequence of complete obstruction of an airway leading to resoprtion of oxygen trapped in alveoli found in bronchial asthma chronic bronchitis
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compression actelectasis
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results whenever pleural cavity is partially or completely filled by fluid exudate tumor or blood or air found in tension pneumothorax
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name five disorders that are in spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disase COPD
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chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma, emphysema, small airway disease
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emphysema
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abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis
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centriacinar emphysema
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the central and proximal parts of the acini formed by respiratory bronchioles are affected whereas distal alveoli are spared
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panacinar emphysema
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acini are uniformly enlarged from the level of the respiratory bronchiole to the terminal blind alveoli
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paraseptal emphysema
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proximal portion of the acinus is normal but the distal part is dominantly invloved
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irregular emphysema
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the acnius is irregularly involved almost invariably associated with scarring
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panacinar emphysema is frequently associated with a deficiency of what protein?
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Alpha 1 antitripsin
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subpleural dilated and confluent alveoli are known as
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Blebs, bullae, bollus emphysema
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interstital emphysema
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entrance of air into the connective tissue of hte lung mediastinum or subcutaneous tissue
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possible cause of interstitial emphysema
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alveolar tears in pulmonary emphysema provide the avenue of entrance of air into the stroma of hte lung
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four histological findings associated with asthma
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thickening of basement membrane of bronchial epithelium, edema and inflammation of bronchial walls, increase size of submucosal glands, hypertrophy of bronchial wall muscle
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bronchiectasis
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chronic necrotizing infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to or associated with abnormal dilation of these airways
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lobar pneumonia
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acute bacterial infection of a large portion of lobe or an entire lobe the most common etiologic agent streptococcus pneumoniae
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bronchopneumonia
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lobular pneumonia
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interstitial pneumonia is characterized by inflammatory changes primarily confined to the
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alveolar and pulmonary interstitum
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the most common organism which cause interstital pneumonitis is
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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name several mechanisms responsible for development of lung abcesses
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aspiration of infective material, antecedent primary bacterial infection, septic embolism, neoplasia, trauma
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primary pulmonary tuberculosis
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lungs are usual location of primary infections initial focus of infections is the Ghon complex
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Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
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represents reactivation of an old possibly subclinical infection usually located in one or both lung apices
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progressive pulmonary tuberculosis
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active lesions continue to progress over a period of monthsor years causing further pulmonary and even distant organ involvement
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hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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describes a spectrum of immunoligically mediated predominantly intersitial lung disorders caused by intense often prolonged exposure to inhaled organic dust
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examples of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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farmers lung, pigeon breeders lung
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characterisitc findings associated with Goodpasture syndrome
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rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and necrotizing hemorrhagic interstial pneumonitis
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in adults lipid pneumonias are most frequently caused by
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conslidation of lung secondary to obstructive lesions
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the four most common types bronchogenic carcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcionma
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name at least three etiologic agents associated with lung cancer
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tobacco smoking, industrial hazards, air pollution
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most scar cancers
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are adenocarcinoma
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lung cancers most frequentlu disseminate by which pathways
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lymphatic and hematogenous
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list four of the most common sites of metastasis of lung cancer
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adrenals, liver, brain and bone
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what are the two types of adenocarcinoma of the lung
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Bronchial-derived adenocarcinoma and bronchiolalveolar carcinoma
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the tumor most commonly associated with history of smoking is
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squamous cell carcinoma
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what tumors of the lung are thought to be derived from cells of the neuroedocrine system
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tumorlets, carcinoid, and small cell carcinoma of the lung
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paraneoplastic syndromes
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symptom complexes in cancer patients that cannot be readily explained either by the local or distant spread of tumor by elevation of hormones indigenous to the tissue from the tumor arose
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apical lung cancers that invade the cervical sympathetic plexus giving rise to Horner syndrome on the same side as the tumor known as
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pancoast tumors
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what four entities comprise Horner syndrome
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enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
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what type of carcinoma can frequently be misinterpreted as pneumonia due to its tendency to preserve the alveolar septa
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bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
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what tumors arise from the Kulchitsky cells of the bronchial mucosa
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bronchial carcinoids
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what are the three classic clinical signs associated with carcinoid syndrome
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Intermitten attacks of diarrhea, flushing and cyanosis
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a large noninflammatory collection of serous fluid within the pleural cavities is known as
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hydrothorax
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collections of blood within the pleural cavity are known as
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hemothorax
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chylothorax
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accumulation of milky fluid usually of lymphatic orgin in pleural cavity
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common cause of chyothorax
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thoracic duct trauma or obstruction that secondarily causes rupture of major lymphatic ducts
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presence of air or gas in the pleural cavities is known as
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pneumothorax
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list three types of pneumothorax
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spontaneous, traumatic, therapeutic
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at autopsy the best way to identify pneumothorax
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careful opening of the thoracic cavity under water to detect the escape of gas or air bubbles
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what pleural tumors is related to asbestos exposure
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malignant mesothelioma
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