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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Histamine is stored in and released from what three cells?
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basophils, mast cells, and platlets
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What three things happen when histamine is released?
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dilation of pre-capillary sphincters
vascular endothelium rounds-up allowing fluid to escape causes endothelium to express adhesion molecules |
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What substance is the ultimate mediator of vascular tone?
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NO
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What produces the sustained rubor,calor, and dolor associated with inflammation?
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kinins
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What enyzme initiates the LT cascade and when is it activated?
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Lipooxygenase is activated when cytosolic Ca levels are elevated
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What three mediators simulate acute phase protien synthesis in the liver?
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IL-1, IL-6, TNF
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IFN is tightly regulated and only produced by what two cells?
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T cells and NK cells
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What are the most improtant stimulators of IFN?
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viruses
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Besides viruses, what are three other stimulators of IFN?
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endotoxin
IL-1 and TNF |
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describe inflammation of an acute duration
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many hours or a few days
prominent vascular response fibrin present neutrophils are the most prominent cell tissues tend to be red and juicy ooze blood and serum |
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describe inflammation of a subacute nature
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at least a few days maybe a week
more solid, less juicy exudate contains more macrophages,lymphocytes and plasma cells less juicy,less redened will ooze thicker more opaque exudate |
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descibe inflammation of a chronic nature
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weeks months or years
fibrosis and scarring neovascularization tissue will be whiter, firmer possibly no exudate at all |
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What are the terms used to describe inflammation distribution?
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focal
multifocal locally extensive diffuse |
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Where will serous exudates most commonly occur?
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upper respiratory tract
serous membranes lining the plural, peritoneal and pericardial cavities |
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What does a fibrinous exudate indicate about the extent of damage?
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There has been enough damage to endothelium and basement membrane to allow large scale leakage of clotting factors into tissue
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What are three examples where fibrinous exudates are frequently seen?
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traumatic reticuloperitonitis
early stages of bovine shipping fever wet form of FIP |
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What exudate gives a characteristic greenish tint to the tissue?
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eosinophilic
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In a DTH granuloma, what mediators are produced in high amounts?
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IL-1, IL-12, TNF
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What organisms often cause pyogranulamatous reactions?
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Coccidioides Nocardia and some fungi
Dry form of FIP |
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what are the three most talked about granules in neutrophils?
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Azureophil
specific granules tertiary granules |
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What do azurophil granules contain?
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degradative enzymes
myeloperoxidase phospholipases cytochrome b |
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What do specific granules contain?
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most of the stromal degradative enzymes MMP's
lactoferrin adhesion molecules |
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What two mediators are very good at stimulating irreversible pavementing of neutrophils?
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IL-1 and TNF
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What is the lactoferrin in specific granules used for?
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It is a source of Iron for the generation of hydroxyl radical
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What does the myeloperoxidase in azurophilic granules do?
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It converts chloride ions into powerful oxidizing agents
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What is the major mediator in eosinophil activation?
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IL-5
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What do IL-2 and IL-15 do?
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stimulate helper t-cells and b-cell proliferation
enhances activity of cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells |
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What produces IL-3?
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activated T-cells
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what is the main job of IL-3?
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it is a potent hematopoietin that stimulates stem cells of all cell lines
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what is the most important IL in stimulating hepatocytes to generate acute phase proteins?
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IL-6
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What happens to bone marrow with the presence of persistent IL-6?
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Bone marrow shifts from producing neutrophils to producing macrophages
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What substance enhances the response of hepatocytes to IL-6?
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corticosteroids
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What is IL-8's most important role?
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It is the most potent stimulator of neutrophil migration into the site of inflammation
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What cells produce IL-8?
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macrophages,fibroblasts, and endothelium
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What is the major inhibitory IL in inflammation?
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IL-10
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What IL is essential for elimination of agents that are taken care of by cell-mediated responses?
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IL-12
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what are three favorable effects of fever?
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speeds up biochemical reactions
enhances responsiveness of immune and inflammatory reactions increased temp is unfavorable for infectious agent growth |
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What role does PGE have in fever?
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It has an affect on the hypothalamus which causes peripheral vasoconstriction
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PGE has an effect on circulating WBC's similar to that of adrenal corticosteroids which is what?
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they induce release of neutrophils into the circulation from the bone marrow and peripheral pools
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What two compliment fragments can mediate the release of histamine from mast cells?
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C3a and c5a
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What acute phase protein is important in stimulating Kupfer cells?
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fibronectin
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What cells produce TNF beta?
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lymphocytes
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How do IFN alpha and beta work against viruses?
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They inhibit protien synthesis in adjacent cells
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How does IFN gamma relate to macrophages?
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It stimulates NO synthetase so the macrophage can produce NO and induces the synthesis of enzymes that are antiprotozoaal in nature
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