Pathology 2 & 3

Front 1

List the classifications of Otitis Media

Back 1

Acute otits - <3 weeks inflammation of the middle ear
Serous otitis media - effusion, bubbles in tympanic membrane
Chronic supprative otitis Media - perforated tympanic membrane with persistent drainage from the middle ear.

Front 2

Describe pathogenesis of Meniere's Disease

Back 2

Disorder of the inner ear affecting hearing and balance - presenting with recurrent vertigo, deafness, tinnitus
increased volume and pressure of endolymph of ear

Front 3

Meniere's diease signs and symptoms

Back 3

Nystagmus - pupils zig-zagging
Vertigo with vomiting
Deafness unilateral/bilateral progressing from low frequencies onwards
Tinnitus (fullness/pressure)

Front 4

Differentials for Menieres disease

Back 4

Vestibular neurionitis tumor of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Positional vertigo, viral meningitis, migraine, MS, Neurosyphilis, Otitis Media

Front 5

Management of Meniere's Disaeae

Back 5

Treatment aim to lower pressure of inner ear (vestibular sedatives)
Low salt diet
avoid caffeine
betahistidine to relieve vertigo

Front 6

List clinical features of bronchitis and following complications

Back 6

coughing, putum, chest tightness, wheezing, breathlessness
FOLLOWS ACUTE CORYZA
bronchopneumonia, bronchial asthma, respiratory failure

Front 7

Aetiology of tracheal obstruction and clinical features

Back 7

Allergies, Foreign bodies, Throat cancers, external tumors, inflammation

Front 8

What is influenza?

Back 8

A specific acute illness caused by influenza A or B (mixoviruses)
Incubation period is approx 24-48 hrs. Sudden onset. Fever may last 1-5 days and associated symptoms, day2-4 ppl most infectious.

Front 9

Complications of influenza

Back 9

Pneumonia
Encephalitis
bronchitis, sinus infections, ear infections, toxic cardiomyopathy

Front 10

What is the common cold?

Back 10

Acute coryza a contagious infection of the URT involving nasal mucosa. Viral or bacterial mainly rhinoviruses. Sudden onset. Rapid progress, sneezing, sore throat, blocked nose, watery discharge

Front 11

Complications from the common cold?

Back 11

Sinusitis, LRT infection, otitis media, impaired hearing

Front 12

Describe allergic rhinitis

Back 12

Acute seasonal or perrinal disorder with episodes of nasal congestion, watery discharge, sneezing, inflammation of lining of nose (IgE)

Front 13

Describe acute laryngitis

Back 13

Acute inflammation of vocal chords (often complication of AC)
Dry sore throat, pain speaking, painful cough, stridor, loss of voice

Front 14

List aetiology of chronic laryngitis

Back 14

Recurrent acute laryngitis, overuse of voice, dust, smoke, chronic infection of nasal sinuses, mouth breathing due to nasal obstruction

Front 15

What is Epigloitis

Back 15

Inflammation of the epiglottis,
Sore throat rapidly leading to stridor/cough WITHOUT hoarseness
Complications due to epigloitis spams causing death - thus avoid using spatula in examination

Front 16

Aetiology of Epigloitis

Back 16

In adults, the most common organisms that cause acute epiglottitis are Haemophilus influenzae (25%), followed by H parainfluenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and group A streptococci

Front 17

What is Croup?

Back 17

A barking cough due to inflammation of trachea, larynx and extend to bronchi - effects children <6YO

Front 18

Blepharitis

Back 18

Inflammation of the margins of eyelids. (staphylococcus or seborrhoeic dermatitis)
irritation, redness, crusting, soreness
Often assoc. w conjuctivits, chalzion, dandruff, dry, eye & trichialis

Front 19

Keratitis & Iritis

Back 19

Infection of the cornea - bacterial or viral
Iritis is infection of the iris
Redness, pain,, watery eyes, photophpbia, blurring-reduced vision, redness at cornea and a small pupil

Front 20

Challazion

Back 20

A lump on the eyelid caused by inflammation of the gland - center of eye - grows over days-wks. Red, painful, photophobia, increased tearing

Front 21

Xanthelasema is associated with...

Back 21

High cholesterol (specifically familial hypercholestroemia) primary billart cirrohosis, menopause, diabetes

Front 22

Molluscum

Back 22

Viral infection, often sexually transmitted effecting, cheeks, skin, mucous membrane, genitalia - scratching leads to further infection

Front 23

Glaucoma

Back 23

Raised intraoccular pressure, optic disc cupping and loss of visual field.

Front 24

Anemia

Back 24

Anaemia is defined as a state in which there is decrease in the level of haemoglobin in the blood

Front 25

Megaloblastic anemias
MACROCYTIC

Back 25

B12 - pernicious anemia due to low/no IF
B9 - DNA manufacture is halted nucleus ejected after increase in size

Front 26

Microcytic anemia

Back 26

Decreased Hb content with RBC and is often assoc. with MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin

Front 27

Thalasemia

Back 27

Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia in which inherited defective genes for alpha and beta chains of Globin give rise to imbalanced globin chain production, precipitation of Globin chains within RBC precursors and haemolysis. This leads to formation of abnormal haemoglobin molecules with less affinity for oxygen.

Front 28

Beta thalassemia
homozygous

Back 28

Can be minor or Major. Excess of alpha chains combine with whatever beta (β), delta (δ) or gamma (γ) chains are produced resulting into HbA2, HbF, HbA

Front 29

Alpha thalassemia

Back 29

Often caused by gene deletion on one or both chromosomes. If all 4 genes deleted

Front 30

HbF

Back 30

hemoglobin F (fetal), composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

Front 31

What is HbA2 composed of?

Back 31

hemoglobin A2, composed of 2 alpha chains and 2 delta chains.

Front 32

Minor thalassemia blood results

Back 32

Asymptomatic with low MCV and MCH Iron and ferretin is normal