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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathology and Pathogenesis
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Pathology- the study of diseases
Pathogenesis- How a disease develops |
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Etiology
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The causes of diseases
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Signs vs. Symptoms
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Signs- things you can see
Symptoms- things the patient complains of |
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Diagnosis vs. Prognosis
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Diagnosis- naming the disease
Prognosis- the forcasted outcome |
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clinical or gross vs. hisopathology
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clinical- what you're looking at
histopathology- what you see under a microscope |
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3 Divisions of Pathology
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Anotomical Pathology- autopsy
Surgical Pathology- using a surgical speciman to find a diagnosis Clinical Pathology- the biochemistry of drugs. |
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11 Types of Diseases
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Familial or inheritted- genetic
COngenital- During development Nutritional- Lacking vitamins or nutrients Neoplastic-tumors (Benign is non cancerous, malignant is) Autoimmune- an over functioning or non functioning of the immune system Idiopathic- cause isn't known Iatrogenic- caused inadvertantly by a health profesional Factitious- self inflicted Phychosomatic- caused by psycological states. Inflamation, Infestation, and Infection Trauma- physical and chemical |
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Dystrophic vs. metastatic calcification
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Dystrophic occurs on dead, dying, or injured cells. Serum calcium is fine. It is deadly in the aorta, but not in the musculoskeleton
Metastatic calcification- occurs in healthy cells, elevated serum calcium |
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All things that can happen to a cell that is injured
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metaplasia- reversible change in the cell type
dysplasia- irreversible cell type change...ist step in cancer hyperplasia- increasing the number of cells atrophy- happens when blood flow is cut off, smaller cell hypertrophy- cell gets bigger pynkosis- happens when the cell dies, an atrophy of the nucleaus cloudy swelling- happens when there is too much water in the cytoplasm. fatty changes- happens when you drink |
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Necrosis vs. Apoptosis
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Necrosis occurs when a dead cell is surrounded by living cells. It is an irritant and causes inflamation
Apoptosis is the planned death of a cell. The cell breaks up into membrane bound bodies that are eaten by phagocytosis |
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6 types of necrosis
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Liquifactive Necrosis- formation of puss filled abscesses. Usually occurs when blood is cut of to the brain. Cells atrophy and liquify
Coagulative- occurs when blood is cut off to the cardiac Caseous- a white, cottage cheese like substance forms...TB Ischemic- when blood flow is cut off and leads to necrosis Gangrene- bacterial infection of the necrosis Fat Necrosis- maily in pancreus.....fat turns into a white, soapy substance. |
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What did Virchow do?
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Perfected the autopsy technique and took pathology to a microscopic level.
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What did virchow do?
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took pathology to a microscopic level and perfected the autopsy technique
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What is the terrible triad?
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Thrombosis, embolism, infarction
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Thrombosis
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a blood clot that has attached to a blood vessel
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Main causes of thrombosis
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endothilial injury- blood meets connective tissue
abnormal blood flow- either stasis or turbulence hypercoagulation due to cancer or medication |
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features and types of thrombosis
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lines of zahn- show blood is circulating- layers of RBC, WBC, and platlets
- in both arteries and veins (just veins called phlebothrombosis) -occlusive thrombosis- blocks the blood vessel mural thrombosis- occur on the cardiac wall Propagating thrombosis- grow a tail, ususally in the veins |
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Fates of thrombosis
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Total resolutiono- body breaks down
Become scars after shrinking and turning into granulation Recanalization- punching holes in the thrombosis so blood can run through propagation- growing embolism- braking off and traveling through the blood stream. |
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Embolism-
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a detached solid, liquid or gas that travels away from it's source in the blood
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What can an embolism be combosed of?
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Thrombosis (most common)
Air- happens during surgery or decompression Fat- happens during a bone fracture Septic- fungi, bacteria, etc.. Foreign objects Tumors- metastatic tumors |
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Infarcation
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Ichemic necrosis- a cell dies after blood flow has been cut off - 99 percent arterial in nature.
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why do venous thrombi travel further than arterial?
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Arteries narrow more quickly, thus becoming blocked sooner
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Nature of blood supply's effects on infarction
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Some, such as the liver, kidney, heart, and lung are dualy supplied....thus lowering the risk of infarction
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vulneraibility to infarction
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Neurns- last 3,4 minutes w/o blood
myocardium- last 20 to 30 minutes fibroblasts-hours |
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Organs that undergo infarction
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Kidney, lung, brain, heart
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oxygen content of the blood and its effect on infarction
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If oxygen content is too low (due to Carbon Monoxide poisoning, other things), infarction could occur.
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