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161 Cards in this Set
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Major processes of inflammation
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1) increased blood flow
2) increased vascular permeability 3) leukocyte exudation (NOT neutrophil!!) |
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Imflammation
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The process of reaction of VASCULARIZED living tissue to injury (tissue must be alive, NEVER post-mortem)
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Leukocytic Events (*in order!!)
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1) Margination
2) Rolling 3) Adhesion 4) Transmigration 5) Chemotaxis and activation |
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Repair
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process by which lost or necrotic cells are replaced by vital cells; either regeneration, scaring/fibrosis, or both
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Regeneration
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replacement by cells of the SAME type
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Resolution
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elimination of the inflammatory stimulus, and senescense and removal of inflammatory cells after active inflammation
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Scarring/fibrosis
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replacement by connective tissue
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Exudate
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protein rich fluid, inflammatory cells, cellular products, and cell debris accumulating at the site of an inflammatory reaction
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4 primary signs of ACUTE inflammation [from Celsus]
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1) rubor (redness)
2) tumor (swelling) 3) calor (heat) 4) dolor (pain) |
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5th sign of acute inflammation [from Virchow]
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functio laesa (loss of function)
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chemotaxis
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cell migration along a concentration gradient of inflammatory mediator
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chemokinesis
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RANDOM migration stimulated by a chemical mediator
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morphologic diagnosis
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diagnosis based purely on morphology; involves description of duration (chronic, acute, etc), distribution (multifocal, diffuse, generalized, etc), type of exudate (granulomatous, supperative [pus], hemorrhagic, etc), and tissue involved (enteritis, hepatitis, pleuritis, etc)
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acute
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usually only hours to a few days duration
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peracute
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manifested in full force after only a few hours duration
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subacute
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several days to a week duration
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chronic
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persistence of inflammatory stiumlus for periods beyond 10-14 days; characterized in most cases by FIBROSIS
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fibrosis (adj.= fibrous)
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accumulation of synthesized collagen in tissue (different from fibrINous!!!); chronic; product of repair process; replaces fibrin
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fibrinous inflammation
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accumulation of fibrin-dominated exudate; associated with an increase in vascular permeability; acute
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What are pain receptors stimulated by?
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bradykinin and prostaglandins
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suppurative
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purulent, dominated by NEUTROPHILS
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erosion
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defect in epithelium to the level of the basement membrane
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ulcer
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epithelial defects to levels BELOW the basement membrane
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chronic inflammation
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inflammation resulting from injurious stimuli that are persistent, often for weeks or months, leading to a prodominantly proliferative (rather than exudative) reaction
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granulomatous inflammation
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CHRONIC inflammatory response dominated by MACROPHAGES (different from granulation tissue!!!!); may have multinucleated giant cells (Langhans cells = fused macrophages)
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granuloma
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compact and organized collection of mononuclear inflammatory cells (macrophages,lymphocytes, and plasma cells) dominated by macrophages (NO neutrophils!); lamost always associated with chronic inflammatory reactions
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simple granuloma
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organized and compact aggregate of macrophages and/or epithelial cells with other inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells; NO necrosis or calcification; seen in Johne's Disease
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complex granuloma
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granuloma with central necrosis and possibly calcification; seen in TB
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Histamine
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causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability; comes from mast cells and basophils
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fibrosis
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prosess resulting in an increase of collagen in tissue
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granulation tissue
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highly organized fibrovascular tissue that often replaces necrotic debris and areas where poor regeneration occurs; made up of fibroblasts and blood vessels growing perpendicular to each other; too much granulation tissue (often on legs of horses) is called proud flesh
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labile cells
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cells that continue to multiply throuhgout life and replenish those lost due to normal turnover
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stable cells
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cells with latent capacity to regenerate
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Permanent cells
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cells with no capacity to regenerate additional cells (neurons, cardiac myocytes)
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Epidermal growth factor
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potent growth factor produced by macrophages, stromal fibroblasts, and to a lesser extent epithelial cells in some tissues; potent inducer of epithelial proliferation and repair (think: helps with wound healing!)
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None
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Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
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growth factor produced by macrophages, paltelets, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells; stimulates smooth muscle proliferation and fibrosis (think: helps endothelial cells of blood vessels grow to heal a wounded blood vessel)
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None
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Basic fibroblast growth factor
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produced by macrophages and other cells; potent inducer of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis (think: healing damaged blood vessels)
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None
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Transforming growth factor beta
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produced by macrophages and other cells, including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, platelets, and some epithelial cells; promotor of fibrosis and inhibitor of epithelial regeneration
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Vascular endothelial growth factor
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highly potent angiogenesis factor produced by macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells in tissue; also produced by many malignant tumors and assists in neoplasm angiogenesis
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None
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)
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produced in macrphages, monocytes, and fibroblasts, with a wide range of biological properties; involved in an inflammatory response
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None
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Healing by 1st intention
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there is little exudate, and tissue elements are clocely approximated; the kind of wound you would suture (pulls together without a gap in the tissues)
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Healing by 2nd intention
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the edges of the wound are widely seperated; fills in by granulation tissue and leaves a scar.
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None
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Organization
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replacement of fibrin and necrotic debris by granulation tissue
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Pseudomembrane
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tough sheet of fibrin
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Croupous
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detachable fibrinous exudate
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Diphtheritic
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in contrast to croupous, the fibrous exudate is firmly attached to the underlying surface and cannot be removed without tearing off a superficial layer of bleeding surface.
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None
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Fibrinous cast
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retains the shape of the structure in which it was moulded.
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Abscess
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pus in a confined area.
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Phlegmon (cellulitis)
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pus spread thinly throughout or diffusely without being walled off (subcutaneously and along facial plane); cellulitis is NOT inflammation of cells!!!!!
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Empyema
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accumulation of pus in a body cavity
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Cold abscess/ chronic abscess
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abscess consisting of inspissated pus surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule.
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Inspissated
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made or having become thickened in consistency; usually in reference to pus.
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Hemorrhagic inflammation
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characterized by numerous RBC's exuding from the body surface.
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Lymphocytic inflammation
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characterized by accumulation of lymphocytes.
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Neoplasm
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abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.
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Oncology
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the study of neoplasia
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Epithelial (tumor)
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lining epithelium, glands; malignant epithelial tumors are carcinomas
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Mesenchymal (tumor)
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connective tissue, bones, lymphatics, vascular system; malignant mesenchymal tumors are sarcomas
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Oncology
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Greek for tumor, swelling, or mass
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Oncogenic
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causing a cancer
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Tumor
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literally a mass or swelling; specifically a neoplasm (different usage from the word in the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation)
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Benign
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not malignant; favorable; good-natured; often well encapsulated by a rim of fibrous tissue and thus can be removed fairly easily
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None
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Malignant
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having the property of uncontrollable growth and dissemination or recurrence (often recurs when removed, does not obay the rules of growth as "normal" cels do, and metastasizes)
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Cancer
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any malignant neoplasm
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Carcinogenesis
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sequence of events leading to the development of cancer
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None
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Metastasis
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presence of a disease process at a site distant from the site of origin (adj. metastatic); it is the definitive characteristic of malignancy-NO benign tumors metastasize, though most (not all!) malignant tumors will metastasize.
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Mass
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a large lump
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Nodule
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a small lump
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Cyst
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any closed EPITHELIAL LINED CAVITY usually containing fluid or pasty material; if it is lined by connective tissue, NOT epithelial tissue, it is a pseudocyst.
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None
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Polyp
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a growth or mass protruding from a mucus membrane, usually on a stalk ("mushroom-like")
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Papilla
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a nipple-like or frond-like projection ("finger-like")
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Sessile
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sitting on a surface, WITHOUT a stalk
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Leukemoid response
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very high WBC count
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Hamarotma
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a malformation composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that are normally present in the affected part, but often with one element predominating; congenital lesions such as a mole or a birth mark.
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Choristoma
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microscopically normal cells or tissues present in an abnormal location, which may be visible macroscopically as a mass; almost always congenital; also known as "embryonic rest"; picture hair growing out of the beagle's eye from class
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None
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Teratoma
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a neoplasm composed of neoplastic elements from more than one, and often all three, germ layers.
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"-oma"
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benign neoplasm
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Adenoma
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benign EPITHELIAL neoplasm
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Papilloma
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Benign epithelial tumor on an epithelial surface with wart-like or finger-like projections
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Polyp
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benign tumor projecting from a mucosal surface
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Cystadenoma
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adenoma with a central cystic area
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Lipoma
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benign neoplasm of fat
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Fibroma
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benign neoplasm of connective tissue
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Lymphoma
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a malignant lymphoid neoplasm
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Melanoma
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a malignancy of melanocytes; may or may not be darkly pigmented.
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Hepatoma
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malignancy of hepatocytes
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Myeloma
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malignancy of plasma cells
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Carcinoma
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a malignant epithelial neoplasm; abbreviated CA
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Sarcoma
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a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm (mesenchyme is muscle, connective tissue, blood, and lymph)
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None
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Fibrosarcoma
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malignant neoplasm of fibrous tissue
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Carsinoma-in-situ
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refers to a cancer within an epithelial surface that has not penetrated the basment membrane (dysplasia often leads to carcinoma in situ)
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Metastasis
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spread of distant sites
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Multicentricity
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when no main primary tumor is found; occurs when a neoplasm has undergone metastasis or many tumors arose at one time
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None
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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
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fetal/oncofetal antigen in liver cancer
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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fetal/oncofetal antigen in GI cancer
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Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
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fetal/oncofetal antigen in prostate cancer
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Congenital
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present at birth (NOT synonymus with hereditary)
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Teratology
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division of embryology and pathology dealing with abnormal dvelopment and congenital defects
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"-melia"
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having to do with limbs
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"-cephalic"
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having to so with the head (dicephalic = 2 heads)
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"-prosopus"
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faces (so diprosopus = 2 faces)
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"-schisis"
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cleft
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arthrogryposis
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fixed joints, often congenital and not hereditary
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Langerhan Cells
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antigen presenting cells of the skin; mediate immunologic reactions
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Merkel Cells
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part of dispersed neuroendocrine system; cells of basal layer which act as mechanoreceptors and help regulate epidermal and adnexal function (tactile sensation in lower animals)
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Adnexae
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the specialized accessory structures of the skin; hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, anal sacs, claws, hooves, etc. are all adnexae
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Hyperkeratosis
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increased thickness of stratum corneum
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Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis
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NORMAL loss of nuclei in keratinized cells
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Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
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nuclei RETAINED in keratinized cells
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Dyskeratosis
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premature or abnormal keratinization of stratum spinosum
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Acanthosis
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increased number of cells in stratum spinosum
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Psoriasiform hyperplasia
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regular downward projections of edidermis
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Hypoplasia
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decreased number of cells
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Atrophy
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decreased size of cells; grossly it is impossible to differentiate between hypoplasia and atrophy
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Acantholysis
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loss of cohesion between keratinocytes due to antibodies against desmosomes
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Vesicles/bullae
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fluid-filled cavities (vessicles < 5mm, bullae > 5mm)
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Teratogenesis
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step by step of what caused the defects
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Aplasia or agenesis
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arrest of development of organ or structure-the organ or structure is absent
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Hypoplasia
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small organ or structure following an arrest of development
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Atresia ani
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absence of anal opening where overlying skin remains (atresia = congenital absence or closure of normal body opening or tubular structure)
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Aprosopus
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no face
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Diprosopus
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2 faces
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Dicephalic
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2 heads (will have 2 necks-2 complete heads)
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Agnathia
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congenital absence of the lower jaw
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Brachygnathia
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short lower jaw
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Anophthalmia
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no eyes
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Synophthalmia
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cyclops; 1 eye
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Synotia
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fusion of ears
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Anotia
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no ears
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Cerebellar hypoplasia
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failure of development of granular cells of cerebellum; may be inherited or due to viral disease (feline panleukopenia, BVD)
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Torticollis/ wryneck
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torsion of the neck; may be congenital or acquired
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Lordosis
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swayback
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Kyphosis
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hump-back
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Scoliosis
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"S" curve (lateral) in spine
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Kyphoscoliosis
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both upward and lateral curve of the spine
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Spina bifida
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defective closure of vertebral arch; spinal cord and meninges may of may not protrude through the opening
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Palatoschisis
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cleft palate
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Cheiloschisis
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cleft lip, "harelip"
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Perosomus elumbis
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vertebral column stops at caudal thoracic area, and the posterior part of the body is joined to the front half by soft tissue only
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Amelia
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no legs
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Abreachia
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absence of forelimbs
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Monobrachia
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absence of one forelimb
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Apodia
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absence of feet
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Monopodia
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agenesis of one limb
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Peromelia
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deformity of limb(s)
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Phocomelia
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proximal part of limb is abscent, distal part is present (like seal flippers)
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Micromelia
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abnormally small extremity (ies)
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Polymelia
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supernumerary (more than the normal number of) limbs
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Notomelia
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extra limb; "parasitic limb"
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Polydactyly
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supernumerary (more than the normal number of) digits
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Syndactyly
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fused digits
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Anury
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absence of the tail
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Brachyury
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short tail
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Polyury
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more than one tail
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Monorchidism
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only one testis in scrotum
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Polyochordism
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multiple testes
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Cryptorchid
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animal with undescended testes
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Anorchid
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uncastrated male without testis
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Thelia
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teats
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polythelia
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extra teats
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synthelia
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fused teats
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