Patho Week 5

Front 1

functions of bone

Back 1

support
protection
movement
blood cell formation
mineral homeostasis

Front 2

types of bone cells

Back 2

osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

Front 3

primary function of osteoblasts

Back 3

to form new bone

Front 4

Synthesizes collagen and proteoglycans; stimulate osteoclast resorptive activity

Back 4

osteoblasts

Front 5

main bone matrix (maintenance)

Back 5

osteocytes

Front 6

Resorb bone, assist with mineral homeostasis

Back 6

osteoclasts

Front 7

marrow cavities where bone marrow is made in adults

Back 7

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, shoulders and pelvis

Front 8

Irregular, scalloped cavities created by osteoclasts

Back 8

Howship lucunae or resorption bays

Front 9

Area of the cell membrane that forms infoldings to permit intimate contact with the resorption bay, greatly increasing surface area

Back 9

the ruffled boarder

Front 10

osteocytes bind to the bone surface through attachments called

Back 10

integrines

Front 11

derived from mesenchymal cells and produce type I collagen

Back 11

osteoblasts

Front 12

Responsive to parathyroid hormone and produce osteocalcin when stimulated

Back 12

osteoblasts

Front 13

Bone is shapped according to its function

Back 13

Wolff's Law

Front 14

Both an active and resting state. Is termed osteoid when active and termed satellite cells when active

Back 14

osteoblasts

Front 15

found in the lacuna of the bone matrix, most numerous bone cells

Back 15

Osteocytes

Front 16

Maintains bone matrix by making new bone matrix molecules, assisting in calcification and concentrating nutrients in the matrix

Back 16

osteocytes

Front 17

What does osteoclasts secrete in order resorb bone

Back 17

HCI and proteinases and use lysosomes

Front 18

allows osteoclasts to bind to bone surface

Back 18

integrines

Front 19

synthesizes collagen and proeoglycans; stimulate osteoclast resorptive activity

Back 19

osteoblasts

Front 20

maintains bone matrix

Back 20

osteocytes

Front 21

resorb bone; assists with mineral homeostasis

Back 21

osteoclasts

Front 22

are essentially osteoblast trapped in lacuna

Back 22

osteocytes

Front 23

matrix of bone that is nonmineralized

Back 23

osteoid

Front 24

assist osteocytes in calcification and mineral homeostasis. preparation for remodeling. help concentrate nutrients in the matrix. help with bone calcification

Back 24

osteocytes

Front 25

assist osteocytes in calcification and mineral homeostasis. preparation for remodeling. help concentrate nutrients in the matrix. help with bone calcification

Back 25

osteocytes

Front 26

assist osteocytes in calcification and mineral homeostasis. preparation for remodeling. help concentrate nutrients in the matrix. help with bone calcification

Back 26

osteocytes

Front 27

assist osteocytes in calcification and mineral homeostasis. preparation for remodeling. help concentrate nutrients in the matrix. help with bone calcification

Back 27

osteocytes

Front 28

types of bone tissue

Back 28

compact (cortical)
spongy (cancellous)

Front 29

The basic structural unit is the haversian system that consists of

Back 29

Central canal called the haversian canal

Circular layers of bone matrix called lamellae

Tiny spaces between the lamellae called lacunae
Bone cells within the lacunae called osteocytes

Small channels or canals called canaliculi

Front 30

Less complex and lacks haversian systems
Lamellae are arranged in plates or bars called trabeculae
irregular meshwork; pattern of the meshwork is determine by the stress on that particular bone
red bone marrow

Back 30

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Front 31

double-layered connective tissue that covers all bones

Back 31

Periosteum

Front 32

 Rips and scapula
2 plates of compact bone that are roughly parallel to one another; between the 2 plates is a layer of spongy bone

Back 32

Flat

Front 33

Wrist and ankle bones; cuboidal
Consist of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone

Back 33

Short

Front 34

Vertebrae, mandibles and other facial bones
Various shapes that include thick and thin segments
The thin part consists of 2 plates of compact bone with spongy bone in between
The thick part consists of spongy bone surrounded by a layer of

Back 34

Irregular

Front 35

three phase process where existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down to replace it

Back 35

Remodeling

Front 36

made up of bone precursor cells that later become osteoclasts or osteoblasts

Back 36

Basic multicellular units

Front 37

takes about 3-4 months, is an isolated process

Back 37

Remodeling process

Front 38

Remodeling process: Activation

Back 38

a stimulus (hormone, drug, vitamin or physical stressor) activates the bone cell precursors to form osteoclasts

Front 39

Remodeling process: Resorption

Back 39

osteoclasts form “cutting cone,” which gradually resorbs bone, leaving behind a resorption cavity *Resorption cavities in compact bone follow the longitudinal axis of the haversian systems; resorption cavities in spongy bone parallel the surface of the trabeculae

Front 40

Remodeling process: Formation

Back 40

the laying down of new bone (secondary bone) by osteoblasts lining the walls of the resorption cavity.

Front 41

Bone repair process: (spongy bone heals faster)

Back 41

Inflammation/hematoma formation (within hours)
Procallus formation (within days)
Callus formation (within weeks)
Replacement, by basic multicellular units (within years)
of the periosteum and endosteum to the size and shape of the bone before the injury (up to 4 years)

Front 42

The site where 2 or more bones are attached is called a

Back 42

joint, or articulation

Front 43

Types of joints

Back 43

fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial

Front 44

Synarthrosis =

Back 44

immovable

Front 45

thin layer of dense fibrous tissue that binds together flat bones in the skulls of young children, they form an extremely tight union that permits no motion. By adulthood, the fibrous tissue has been replaced by bone

Back 45

Sutures

Front 46

joint in which 2 bony surfaces are united by a ligament; ligament fibers are flexible and allow a limited amount of movement. Examples of syndesmotic joints are the paired bones of the lower arm (radius/ulna) and the lower leg (tibia/fibula)

Back 46

Syndesmoses

Front 47

a cone-like projection fits into a complementary socket and is held there by a ligament. The teeth held in the maxilla or mandible are gomphosis joints

Back 47

Gomphoses

Front 48

Amphiarthrosis =

Back 48

slightly movable

Front 49

: a joint where bones are united by a pad or disk of fibrocartilage; usually a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and a thick pad of fibrocartilage acts as a shock absorber and stabilizer. Examples are the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral disks

Back 49

Symphysis:

Front 50

a joint where hyaline cartilage (no fibrocartilage) connects 2 bones. An example is the joints between the ribs and sternum- slight movement allows the chest to move during breathing. The hyaline cartilage is called costal cartilage

Back 50

Synchondrosis

Front 51

Diarthrosis =

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freely movable

Front 52

surround by a membrane capable of excitation and impulse propagation

Back 52

Muscle fibers

Front 53

elongated muscles shaped like straps and can run from one joint to another

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Fusiform muscles:

Front 54

broad, flat and slightly fan-shaped with fibers running obliquely to the muscle’s long axis

Back 54

Pennate muscles

Front 55

Skeletal muscle can be either

Back 55

either voluntary (controlled by nervous system), striated (striped pattern) or extrafusal (to distinguish from other contractile fibers in the sensory organ of the muscle).

Front 56

2 types of sensory receptors in muscles:

Back 56

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

Front 57

are mechanoreceptors that lie parallel to muscle fibers and respond to muscle stretching.

Back 57

Spindles

Front 58

are dendrites that terminate and branch to tendons near the neuromuscular junction.

Back 58

Golgi tendon organs

Front 59

sensory receptors in muscles are responsible for

Back 59

the muscle stretch response and maintenance of muscle tone.

Front 60

A motor unit consists of

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(1) anterior horn cells (2) its axon and (3) the muscles innervated by it.

Front 61

units consist of one motor neuron innervating many muscle fibers. They fatigue slowly and have endurance. They are used for large, powerful movements because of their high innervation ratio of muscle fibers to axons

Back 61

Large motor units

Front 62

units have one motor neuron innervating a few muscle fibers (1 to 10). They fatigue quickly and have low endurance. Their low innervation ratio makes them capable of fine movements that require precision

Back 62

Small motor units

Front 63

 Each muscle fiber contains bundles of

Back 63

myofibrils

Front 64

composed of myofilaments; the most abundant sub-cellular muscle component (make up 85%-90% of total volume)

Back 64

Myofibrils

Front 65

 Muscle fibers develop from precursor cells called __________, the main cells responsible for muscle growth and regeneration. They are termed satellite cells when inactive.

Back 65

myoblasts

Front 66

2 types of muscle fibers:

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(1) Type I fibers (slow twitch)
(2) Type II fibers (white fast-motor)

Front 67

 Muscle membrane has 2 parts:

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sarcolemma (plasma membrane) and basement membrane

Front 68

capable of propagating electrical impulses to initiate contraction; it is made up of lipids and proteins.

Back 68

sarcolemma

Front 69

cytoplasm of the muscle cell and contains intracellular components – provides a matrix that surrounds the myofibrils.

Back 69

Sarcoplasm

Front 70

network that crosses the interior of the cell that’s primary function is calcium transport, which initiates sarcomere contraction

Back 70

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 71

Sarcomere: make up myofibrils; they are composed of 2 contractile proteins called

Back 71

actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament)

Front 72

houses enzymes used in energy production, especially those that regulate the citric acid cycle and ATP formation

Back 72

Mitochondria

Front 73

Steps in skeletal muscle contractions

Back 73

(1) excitation (2) coupling (3) contraction and (4) relaxation

Front 74

At rest, an electric charge of ____ is continually maintained across the sarcolemma.

Back 74

-90V

Front 75

Follow depolarization of transverse tubules
Triggers release of Ca ions from S.R., which exposes binding sites on the actin molecule
Troponin and tropomyosin (which bind to actin at rest) are attracted to Ca, leaving actin free to bind with myosin

Back 75

Coupling

Front 76

Begins with spread of an action potential from nerve terminal to neuromuscular junction
Rapid depolarization of membrane = muscle fiber action potential (electric impulse in muscle fiber membrane)
Action potential spreads to transverse tubules as it travels across the sarcolemma

Back 76

Excitation

Front 77

Begins as Ca ions combine with troponin
Myosin binds to actin forming cross-bridges
Myosin heads attach to actin-binding sites, pulling the actin (thin filament) inward
Thin filament (actin) slides toward the thick filament (myosin)
cross-bridge called the actin-myosin complex

Back 77

Contraction

Front 78

Begins as Ca ions are actively transported back into the S.R., removing ions from interaction with troponin
Cross-bridges detach and the sarcomere lengthens

Back 78

Relaxation

Front 79

Skeletal muscle requires a constant supply of

Back 79

ATP and phosphocreatine

Front 80

ATP → ADP + Pi (? seconds)
Phosphocreatine + ADP → creatine + ATP (~? seconds)
Anaerobic glycolysis → lactic acid + ATP (~? seconds)

Back 80

ATP → ADP + Pi (2-3 seconds)
Phosphocreatine + ADP → creatine + ATP (~10 seconds)
Anaerobic glycolysis → lactic acid + ATP (~90 seconds)

Front 81

With increased activity (intense exercise or ischemia- inadequate blood supply due to blocked vessels), an increase in lactic acid occurs due to the breakdown of glycogen- causes shift in muscle pH

Back 81

Anaerobic (short-term) glycolysis

Front 82

Activated by strenuous exercise, which requires oxygen
Takes longer to make ATP
Requires oxygen to (1) maintain maximal activity and (2) return the muscle to its resting state

Back 82

Aerobic (long-term) glycolysis

Front 83

accumulated by sustaining maximal muscular activity, it is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize residual lactic acid, convert it to glycogen and replenish ATP and phosphocreatine stores

Back 83

Oxygen debt

Front 84

Type II muscle

Back 84

Type II muscle fibers rely on anaerobic glycolysis and fatigue readily.

Front 85

Type I fibers

Back 85

Type I fibers can resist fatigue longer because of their capacity for oxidative metabolism.

Front 86

Type of muscle contraction

Back 86

Isometric, Isotonic, Agonist and antagonist muscles

Front 87

Muscle maintains a constant length as tension is increased
Example: when the arm or leg is pushed against an immovable object. The muscle contracts but the limb does not move
Also called a static (holding) contraction

Back 87

Isometric

Front 88

Muscle maintains a constant tension as it moves
Eccentric (lengthening): the muscle lengthens and absorbs energy. Negative work is accomplished on the muscle by the load. It requires less energy and has been said to result in the development of pain and stiffness after unaccustomed exercise
Concentric (shortening): accomplishes positive work and energy is used to exert force or lift an object

Back 88

Isotonic

Front 89

Muscles don’t act alone, they act in groups!!!
Agonist: when a muscle contracts and acts as a prime mover
Antagonist: the reciprocal muscle to the agonist that relaxes
Happens automatically
Their primary function is to maintain balance

Back 89

Agonist and antagonist muscles

Front 90

age-related loss in skeletal muscle which also causes decreased muscle strength- thought to be secondary to progressive neuromuscular changes and diminishing anabolic hormones (different than osteopenia, which is lowered density of bone minerals)

Back 90

Sarcopenia

Front 91

Decline in muscle proteins related to declines in

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insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone and DHEA-sulfate

Front 92

Skin not broken; non-communicating wound between bone & skin

Back 92

Closed

Front 93

Skin broken; communicating wound between bone & skin

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Open

Front 94

Bone breaks into 2 or more fragments

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Comminuted

Front 95

Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

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Linear

Front 96

Occurs at an oblique angle to the long axis (bone shaft)

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Oblique

Front 97

Encircles the bone (spiral staircase)

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Spiral

Front 98

Occurs straight across the bone

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Transverse

Front 99

Fragments pushed into each other

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Impacted

Front 100

Break at the site of a preexisting abnormality

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Pathologic

Front 101

Perforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone ( outer surface disrupted, inner surface intact); commonly occurs in the proximal metaphysis or diaphysis of the tibia, radius and ulna in children and elderly

Back 101

Greenstick

Front 102

Cortex buckles but doesn’t break

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Torus

Front 103

Bending of the bone due to longitudinal stress; common in children and usually seen in the radius-ulna or tibia-fibula and difficult to treat (complete fracture in one bone and incomplete in the other)

Back 103

Bowing

Front 104

(1) fatigue fractures seen in people who engage in unfamiliar, strenuous and repetitive activity (athletes whose muscles develop too quickly) and (2) insufficiency fractures due to bone’s inability to deform and recover (rheumatoid arthritis, Paget disease, osteomalacia and radiation therapy)

Back 104

Stress

Front 105

Separation of articular cartilage from bone shaft; commonly occur in the distal femur, ankle, kneecap, elbow and wrist and are most prevalent in adolescents

Back 105

Transchondral

Front 106

Bone break- occurs from the damaged ends of bone and neighboring soft tissue

Back 106

Bleeding

Front 107

Bone break- forms within the medullary canal between the fractured ends and beneath the periosteum

Back 107

Clot or hematoma

Front 108

The temporary displacement of one or more bones in a joint in which the opposing bone surfaces lose contact entirely

Back 108

Dislocation

Front 109

When the contact between opposing bone surfaces is only partially lost; both dislocation and subluxation common in people younger than 20 and are associated with fractures- joints most often dislocated or subluxated are the synovial joints

Back 109

Subluxation

Front 110

A tear in a tendon; most common in the hands & feet, knee (patellar), upper arm (biceps and triceps), thigh (quadriceps), ankle and heel (Achilles)

Back 110

Strain

Front 111

A tear in a ligament; most common in the wrist, ankle, elbow and knee joints

Back 111

Sprains

Front 112

Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bone; commonly seen in young athletes (especially track)

Back 112

Avulsion

Front 113

Tendon inflammation, also called tendinopathy

Back 113

Tendonitis

Front 114

Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone, (1) Lateral- “tennis elbow” and (2) Medial- “golfer’s elbow”

Back 114

Epicondylitis

Front 115

Inflammation of the bursae, or small sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid that are located between tendons, muscles and bony projections
Their primary function is to separate, lubricate and cushion
Caused by trauma or wound infection (septic bursitis)

Back 115

Bursitis

Front 116

Local muscle damage that is a mild injury most often seen after traumatic or sports injuries

Back 116

Muscle strain

Front 117

Late complication of muscle injury thought to be caused by scar tissue calcification and ossification; “rider’s bone” or “drill bone”

Back 117

Myositis ossificans

Front 118

Life-threatening complication of severe muscle trauma, can lead to renal failure or shock
Detected by an excess of myoglobulin (intracellular muscle protein) in the urine, resulting in dark red to brown urine
Caused by trauma, malignant hyperthermia, drug overdose, tetanus, heat stroke, fractures, etc.
Most severe form called crush syndrome; less severe and more localized forms called component syndromes (Volkmann)
Myoglobulin released when there are holes in the sarcolemma

Back 118

Myoglobinuria or
“rhabdomyolysis
(Breakdown of muscle cells)

Front 119

“porous bone”- most common bone disease
Old bone resorbed faster than new bone is made

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Osteoporosis

Front 120

Postmenopausal osteoporosis: attributed

Back 120

estrogen deficiency

Front 121

hunchback due to vertebral collapse

Back 121

Kyphosis

Front 122

Inadequate & delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature compact and spongy bone
Remodeling cycle proceeds normally through osteoid formation but mineral calcification & deposition don’t occur  Primarily caused by a vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D helps the body absorb Ca)
Causes skeletal pain and tenderness, especially in the hips so the person has trouble walking; waddling gait

Back 122

Osteomalacia

Front 123

Bone mass decreases
No pain

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Osteoporosis

Front 124

Soft bone instead of hard bone; volume unchanged
Pain and gait change

Back 124

Osteomalacia

Front 125

osteitis deformans

Back 125

Paget disease

Front 126

 State of increased metabolic activity in bone characterized by abnormal and excessive bone remodeling- both resorption and formation!

Back 126

Paget disease

Front 127

“bone infection”

Back 127

Osteomyelitis

Front 128

Most often caused by bacteria and is very difficult to treat

Back 128

Osteomyelitis

Front 129

caused by pathogens carried in the blood from sites of infection elsewhere in the body and spreads from bone to adjacent soft tissues, usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Common complication of sickle cell anemia and low oxygen tension

Back 129

Osteomyelitis Endogenous

Front 130

infection that enters from outside the body (through open fractures, wounds or surgical procedures) and spreads from soft tissues into the adjacent bone

Back 130

Osteomyelitis Exogenous

Front 131

area of devitalized bone

Back 131

Sequestrum

Front 132

layer new bone surrounding infected bone

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Involucrum

Front 133

Degenerative synovial joint disease- loss and damage of articular cartilage in load-bearing areas
(1) absence of synovial membrane inflammation (2) lack of signs & symptoms (3) normal synovial fluid

Back 133

Osteoarthritis
(Noninflammatory)

Front 134

Osteophytes

Back 134

bone spurs that occur due to the disease

Front 135

Inflammatory damage/destruction in the synovial membrane or articular cartilage
Fever, leukocytosis, malaise (uneasiness), anorexia, lymph node/spleen enlargement, Raynaud phenomeno

Back 135

Inflammatory joint disease “arthritis”

Front 136

Autoimmune disease associated with swelling and pain in multiple joints. Attacks (1) synovial membrane (2) articular cartilage (3) tendons & ligaments Results in destruction and instability of synovial joints!!!

Back 136

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Front 137

swellings in areas of pressure or trauma that are found in 20% of RA cases

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Rheumatoid nodules

Front 138

caused by pulmonary nodules and chronic inflammation of the lungs

Back 138

Caplan syndrome

Front 139

Chronic, inflammatory joint disease characterized by stiffening and fushion (ankylosis) of the spine and sacral joints (cartilaginous joints!!!) Different than RA in that the primary site of inflammation is the enthesis whereas in RA the primary site of inflammation is the synovial membrane

Back 139

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

Front 140

 Desmophyte

Back 140

new enthesis made by osteoblasts that forms on top of the old one

Front 141

small, white nodules that form in subcutaneous tissues

Back 141

Tophi

Front 142

-70mV. Delayed relaxation after voluntary muscle contraction
Distinct “dive bomber” noise caused by prolonged depolarization of the muscle membrane. Result of ion channel dysfunction
Treated with drugs that reduce muscle fiber excitability

Back 142

Myotonia

Front 143

Episodes of flaccid weakness that typically lasts a few hours
Autosomal dominant inheritance!!! During an attack, the muscle membrane is unresponsive to neural stimuli and the resting membrane potential is reduced from -90V to -45mV. Caused by potassium, chloride or sodium channel abnormalities

Back 143

Periodic paralysis

Front 144

primary functions of skin

Back 144

(1) protect the body from the environment by serving as a barrier against microorganisms, UV rays, loss of body fluids and the stress of mechanical forces (2) regulate body temperature (3) regulate the immune system (4) activate/produce vitamin D (5) produce sensation and (6) provide psychological well-being

Front 145

Contains kerotinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells

Back 145

Epidermis

Front 146

Papillary layer (thin): contains mast cells and has a rich blood, lymphatic & nerve supply. It contains sensory receptors and special glands
Reticular layer (thick): contains histiocytes, which are wandering macrophages that collect pigments and inflammatory debris

Back 146

Dermis
“true skin”

Front 147

Underlying layer of connective tissue that contains macrophages, fibroblasts and fat cells

Back 147

Hypodermis

Front 148

an open comedone with a dilated orifice

Back 148

blackhead

Front 149

a closed comedone with a narrow head

Back 149

closed

Front 150

Burrow

Back 150

Narrow, raised, irregular channel caused by a parasite

Front 151

Circumscribed area of blood less than 0.5 cm in diameter

Back 151

Petechiae

Front 152

ulcers or pressure sores that develop when an individual lies in the recumbent position for a long term
Usually develop over bony prominences

Back 152

Decubitus ulcer

Front 153

Circumscribed area of blood greater than 0.5 cm in diameter

Back 153

Purpura

Front 154

Dilated, superficial blood vessels

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Telangiectasia

Front 155

sharply elevated, irregular or claw shaped, progressively enlarging scars caused by excessive amounts of collagen. Claw-like prolongations are typical
Tend to run in families

Back 155

Keloids

Front 156

Pruritus

Back 156

itching caused by skin disorders

Front 157

Pruritus stimuli Inflammatory substances:

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histamine, prostaglandin, bradykinin

Front 158

Pruritus stimuli neuropeptides and neurotransmitters

Back 158

serotonin, substance P, acetylcholine

Front 159

2 most common inflammatory disorders

Back 159

A.) Eczema
B.) Dermatitis

Front 160

Langerhans cells process the antigen/allergen and carry it to the T cells. The T cells then become sensitized to it which induces the release of cytokines and dermatitis symptoms cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity

Back 160

Allergic contact dermatitis (exogenous)

Front 161

non-immunologically mediated inflammation. Severity related to the concentration of the irritant and exposure time
Caused by chemical irritation (acids) or prolonged exposure to soaps, detergents and various other agents used in industry which all can cause inflammatory lesions

Back 161

Irritant contact dermatitis (exogenous)

Front 162

More common in infancy and childhood but may persist into adulthood
Infected people show an increased IgE , interleukin-4 and eosinophil levels
Skin becomes very dry, itchy, sensitive and easily irritated because the barrier function of the skin is impaired
Associated with allergic rhinitis/asthma

Back 162

Atopic dermatitis (endogenous)

Front 163

Usually occurs on the legs as the result of venous stasis and edema
Associated with varicosities, phlebitis and vascular trauma. Alleviated by not wearing tight clothes around the legs and not standing for long periods, can be treated with antibiotics, wet dressings of Burrow solution or silver nitrate

Back 163

Stasis dermatitis (endogenous)

Front 164

Known as cradle cap in infants
Cause is unknown but Malassezia yeasts have been implicated

Back 164

Seborrheic dermatitis (endogenous)

Front 165

Chronic, relapsing. Types include plaque, inverse, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic. The turnover time to shedding the epidermis quickens to 3-4 days. Loosely cohesive, immature keratin gives lesions a silvery appearance

Back 165

Psoriasis

Front 166

occurs during winter. Begins as a single lesion called a herald patch on the trunk of the body that is circular, salmon-pink and 3-4 cm in size. Small erythematosus papules enlarge into oval lesions- form pattern of a drooping pine tree

Back 166

Pityriasis rosea

Front 167

Benign autoimmune inflammatory disease of the skin & mucous membranes. Triggered by drug use or film processing chemicals. Often in oral mucous membranes that appear as lacy, white rings. May be caused by an abnormal T-cell mediated immune response

Back 167

Lichen planus

Front 168

Disorder of the pilosebaceous follicle that usually occurs during adolescence.Noninflammatory: blackheads and whiteheads
Inflammatory: closed comedones with follicular wall rupture and sebum in the dermis causes inflammation

Back 168

Acne vulgaris

Front 169

Middle age or adult onset. Accompanied by eye disorders and rhinophyma (bulbous nose) from hypertrophy of sebaceous glands
Avoid hot drinks or alcohol
Idiopathic

Back 169

Acne rosacea

Front 170

Autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease that expresses cutaneous manifestations. Discoid (cutaneous): limited to the skin and can lead to systemic.“butterfly rash”. May lead to alopecia (hair loss), urticaria, telangiectasias or Raynaud phenomenon.

Back 170

Lupus erythematosus

Front 171

both vesiculobullous disorders causing vesicles or blisters

Back 171

pemphigus and erythema multiforme

Front 172

Rare, autoimmune blistering disease of the skin & mucous membranes. Caused by circulating autoantibodies directed against desmoglein (cell surface adhesion molecule) in epidermis
Presence of antibodies at site of blister formation
Type II hypersensitivity
Results in destruction of cell-to-cell adhesion (separation of keratinocytes), called acantholysis, and blisters!!!
Prevalent in people ages 40-50 (middle age)

Back 172

Pemphigus

Front 173

Pemphigus Types

Back 173

(1) vulgaris- most common form with oral lesions that precede blistering (2) vegetans- large blisters occur in tissue folds (3) foliaceus- milder form that rarely involves oral mucous membranes (4) erythematosus- less widely distributed lesions and associated with lupus

Front 174

Inflammation of the skin & mucous membranes
Caused by reactions to drugs or herpes
“Bull’s eye” or “target” lesions on skin surface
Type III hypersensitivity
Lesions occur in groups over a period of 2-3 weeks; single or multiple vesicles or bullae may arise accompanied by pruritus & burning; lesions heal within 3-4 weeks
Most common in ages 20-40 (early adulthood)

Back 174

Erythema multiforme

Front 175

Erythema multiforme types

Back 175

(1) Stevens-Johnson syndrome- severe bullous form (2) toxic epidermal necrolysis- numerous erythematosus bullous lesions occur on skin & mucous membranes and is probably related to drug reactions

Front 176

causes of cutaneous infections Bacterial:

Back 176

Bacterial: S. aureus (MRSA) and β-hemolytic streptococci are most common causative microorganisms

Front 177

bacterial infection of the hair follicle that is commonly caused by S. aureus. Lesions appear as pustules surrounded by erythema- most common on scalp. Prolonged skin moisture, skin trauma and poor hygiene associated.

Back 177

Folliculitis

Front 178

inflammation of the hair follicle that may develop after folliculitis and spread into surrounding dermis, caused by S. aureus. The initial lesion is a deep, red, firm nodule that is 1-5 cm in size.

Back 178

Furuncles (boils!!!):

Front 179

collection of infected hair follicles.

Back 179

Carbuncles

Front 180

infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue that is usually caused by Staphylcoccus

Back 180

Cellulitis

Front 181

acute superficial infection of the upper dermis most often caused by β-hemolytic streptococci. Fever, malaise and chills precede onset by 4 hours to 20 days.

Back 181

Erysipelas

Front 182

superficial lesion that is caused by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus or β-hemolytic

Back 182

Impetigo

Front 183

2 types of Impetigo:

Back 183

vesicular and bullous

Front 184

It is a latent infection in the basal ganglia

Back 184

Varicella-zoster virus

Front 185

dermatophytes, which thrive on keratin, cause fungal infections. Fungal disorders are known as

Back 185

mycoses

Front 186

Mycoses are called ____ when caused by dermatophytes

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tinea

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caused by the yeastlike fungus Candida albicans

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Candidiasis

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Partial-thickness that involves only the epidermis

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First-degree burn

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Superficial partial-thickness: thin-walled, water-filled blisters that develop within a few minutes of injury.

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Second-degree burn

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Full-thickness that involves destruction of the entire epidermis, Painless because nerve endings are destroyed

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Third-degree burn

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dermatophytes, which thrive on keratin, cause fungal infections. Fungal disorders are known as

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mycoses

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Mycoses are called ____ when caused by dermatophytes

Back 192

tinea

Front 193

caused by the yeastlike fungus Candida albicans

Back 193

Candidiasis

Front 194

Partial-thickness that involves only the epidermis

Back 194

First-degree burn

Front 195

Superficial partial-thickness: thin-walled, water-filled blisters that develop within a few minutes of injury.

Back 195

Second-degree burn

Front 196

Full-thickness that involves destruction of the entire epidermis, Painless because nerve endings are destroyed

Back 196

Third-degree burn