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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
diagnosis
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identification of specific disease through evaluation of signs, symptoms and lab tests
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etiology
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causative factors in a particular disease
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idiopathic
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then the cause of a disease is unknown
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iatrogenic
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a treatment, procedure or error causes a disease
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predisposing factors
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tendencies that promote development of a disease *high risk
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prevention
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linked to etiology and predisposing factors, include vaccinations, dietary or lifestyle modifications
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pathogenises
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development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
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onset
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may be sudden and obvious or acute, or slow and insidious
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acute
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short-termed illness that develops very quickly with marked signs such as hegh fever or severe pain
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chronic
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often milder condition developing gradualy, persists for a long time and causes more permanent damage
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sublinical
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some conditions where pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited
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latent
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silent stage, no clinical signs are evident, incubation period
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prodromal
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time in the early development of a disease, one is aware of chang but signs are nonspecific
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manifestations
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clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms of desease
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signs
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objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual
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symptoms
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subjective feelings such a pain or nausea
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lesion
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is the term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue
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syndrome
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a collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition
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diagnostic
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labotatory test that assist in the diagnosis of a speific desease
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remissions
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manifestations of the disease subside
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exacerbations
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signs of the disease increase
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precipitating factor
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a condition that triggers an acute episode
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complications
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new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
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therapy or therapeutic interventions
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measures used to promote recovery or to slow the progress of a disease
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sequelae
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describe the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
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prognosis
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the probability or likelihood for recovery or for other outcomes
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morbidity
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the disease rates within a group, sometimes used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions inflict on the population
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mortality
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indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
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epidemiology
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the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
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epidemics
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occur when there are many cases of an ingectious delease within a given area
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pandemics
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involve high numbers of cases in several regions and perhaps worldwide
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occurrence
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disease is tracked by incidence and the prevalence. prevalence is always the higher number
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incidence
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indicates the number of new cases in a given population within a stated time period
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prevalence
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number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population and time period
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communicable
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diseases that are infections that can be spread from one person to another
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notifiable or reportable
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diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain dsignated authorities
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autopsy
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performed after death to determine the exact cause of death or course of illness and effectiveness of treatment
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atrophy
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decrease in the size of cells resulting in a reduced tissue mass
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causes of atrophy
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reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormal simulation and aging
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hypertrophy
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increse in the size of individual cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
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causes of hypertrophy
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additional work by the tissue such as an enlarged heart muscle resulting from increased demands, or exersice, or excessive hormonal stimulation
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hyperplasia
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increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass, hypertrophy and hyperplasia may occur simultaneously
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causes of hyperplasia
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may be compensatory mechanism to meet increased demads, or pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance, may be increased risk of cancer with developing hyperplasia
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metaplasia
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occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
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causes of metaplasia
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may result from a deficit of vit-a, may be an adaptive mechanism that provides a more resistant tissue, stratified spamous epithelium replaces ciliated colomnar epithelium in respiratory tracts of cigarette smokers
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dysplasia
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tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present and the rate of mitosis is increased
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causes of dysplasia
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may result from chronic irritation or infection or may be precancerous change.
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detection of dysplasia
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routine screening tests for atypical cells such as the pap smear
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anaplasia
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cells that are undifferentiated and have variable nuclei and cell structure and numerous mitotic figures associated with malignancy or cancer and is the basis for grading a tumor
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neoplasm
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'new growth' commonly called a tumor, 2 types, benign and malignant, benign is not serious unless found in certain locations like the brain
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death, a normal occurrence when cell development is abnormal, cell #s excessive or inured or aged. cells self-destruct and disintegrate
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ways of injuring cells
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ischemia, physical agents, mechanical dameage, chemical toxins, foreign substances, microorganisms, abnormal metabolites, nutritional deficits, fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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ischemia
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deficit of oxygen in the cells due to respiratory problems or circulatory obstruction
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hypoxia
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reduced oxygen in the tissue
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severe oxygen deficit outcome
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interferes with enery (ATP) production in the cell leading to loss of the sodium pump at the cell membrane
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increase in sodium ions inside the cell causes
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swelling of the cell and eventually to rupture of the cell membrane
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anaerobic metabolism
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the absence of oxygen in the cell leads to a decrease in pH and further metabolic impairment such as deficit of nutrients and vitamins may damage cell because metabolic process cannot take place
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exogenous
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chemical from the environment damage cells by altering cell membrane permeability or producing other reactive chemicals, freeradical continue to damage cell components
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endogenous
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chemical from the inside the body damage cells by altering cell membrane permeability or producing other reactive chemicals, freeradical continue to damage cell components
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morpholigic
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structural changes that occur in the nucleus and cell wall
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lysis
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cell dissolution relesing destructive lysosomal enymes into tissue which cause inflammation as wll as dame to nearby cells, can diffuse into blood to be detected in tests
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necrosis
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when a group of cells die
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liquefaction necrosis
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dead cells liquefy inder the influence o certain cell enzymes; when brain tissue dies, or certain bacterial linfections in which a cavity or ulcer develop
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coagulative necrosis
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when the cell proteins are altered or denatured cells retain some for for a time, occurs in heart attack when lack of oxygen causes death
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fat necrosis
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fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes
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caseous necrosis
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form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick yellowish cheesy substance forms, tb.
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infarction
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term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen.
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gangrene
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necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
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brain cells die
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quickly, 4 to minutes when deprived of oxygen
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heart muscle dies
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slowly, can survive 30 min. without oxygen.
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somatic death
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death of the body
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brain death
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based on the lack of any electrical activity in any neurons in the brain as demonstrated by eeg and absence of response
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