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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
diagnosis
identification of specific disease through evaluation of signs, symptoms and lab tests
etiology
causative factors in a particular disease
idiopathic
then the cause of a disease is unknown
iatrogenic
a treatment, procedure or error causes a disease
predisposing factors
tendencies that promote development of a disease *high risk
prevention
linked to etiology and predisposing factors, include vaccinations, dietary or lifestyle modifications
pathogenises
development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
onset
may be sudden and obvious or acute, or slow and insidious
acute
short-termed illness that develops very quickly with marked signs such as hegh fever or severe pain
chronic
often milder condition developing gradualy, persists for a long time and causes more permanent damage
sublinical
some conditions where pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited
latent
silent stage, no clinical signs are evident, incubation period
prodromal
time in the early development of a disease, one is aware of chang but signs are nonspecific
manifestations
clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms of desease
signs
objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual
symptoms
subjective feelings such a pain or nausea
lesion
is the term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue
syndrome
a collection of signs and symptoms that usually occur together in response to a certain condition
diagnostic
labotatory test that assist in the diagnosis of a speific desease
remissions
manifestations of the disease subside
exacerbations
signs of the disease increase
precipitating factor
a condition that triggers an acute episode
complications
new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
therapy or therapeutic interventions
measures used to promote recovery or to slow the progress of a disease
sequelae
describe the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
prognosis
the probability or likelihood for recovery or for other outcomes
morbidity
the disease rates within a group, sometimes used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions inflict on the population
mortality
indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
epidemiology
the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
epidemics
occur when there are many cases of an ingectious delease within a given area
pandemics
involve high numbers of cases in several regions and perhaps worldwide
occurrence
disease is tracked by incidence and the prevalence. prevalence is always the higher number
incidence
indicates the number of new cases in a given population within a stated time period
prevalence
number of new and old or existing cases within a specific population and time period
communicable
diseases that are infections that can be spread from one person to another
notifiable or reportable
diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain dsignated authorities
autopsy
performed after death to determine the exact cause of death or course of illness and effectiveness of treatment
atrophy
decrease in the size of cells resulting in a reduced tissue mass
causes of atrophy
reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormal simulation and aging
hypertrophy
increse in the size of individual cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
causes of hypertrophy
additional work by the tissue such as an enlarged heart muscle resulting from increased demands, or exersice, or excessive hormonal stimulation
hyperplasia
increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass, hypertrophy and hyperplasia may occur simultaneously
causes of hyperplasia
may be compensatory mechanism to meet increased demads, or pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance, may be increased risk of cancer with developing hyperplasia
metaplasia
occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
causes of metaplasia
may result from a deficit of vit-a, may be an adaptive mechanism that provides a more resistant tissue, stratified spamous epithelium replaces ciliated colomnar epithelium in respiratory tracts of cigarette smokers
dysplasia
tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present and the rate of mitosis is increased
causes of dysplasia
may result from chronic irritation or infection or may be precancerous change.
detection of dysplasia
routine screening tests for atypical cells such as the pap smear
anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated and have variable nuclei and cell structure and numerous mitotic figures associated with malignancy or cancer and is the basis for grading a tumor
neoplasm
'new growth' commonly called a tumor, 2 types, benign and malignant, benign is not serious unless found in certain locations like the brain
apoptosis
programmed cell death, a normal occurrence when cell development is abnormal, cell #s excessive or inured or aged. cells self-destruct and disintegrate
ways of injuring cells
ischemia, physical agents, mechanical dameage, chemical toxins, foreign substances, microorganisms, abnormal metabolites, nutritional deficits, fluid and electrolyte imbalance
ischemia
deficit of oxygen in the cells due to respiratory problems or circulatory obstruction
hypoxia
reduced oxygen in the tissue
severe oxygen deficit outcome
interferes with enery (ATP) production in the cell leading to loss of the sodium pump at the cell membrane
increase in sodium ions inside the cell causes
swelling of the cell and eventually to rupture of the cell membrane
anaerobic metabolism
the absence of oxygen in the cell leads to a decrease in pH and further metabolic impairment such as deficit of nutrients and vitamins may damage cell because metabolic process cannot take place
exogenous
chemical from the environment damage cells by altering cell membrane permeability or producing other reactive chemicals, freeradical continue to damage cell components
endogenous
chemical from the inside the body damage cells by altering cell membrane permeability or producing other reactive chemicals, freeradical continue to damage cell components
morpholigic
structural changes that occur in the nucleus and cell wall
lysis
cell dissolution relesing destructive lysosomal enymes into tissue which cause inflammation as wll as dame to nearby cells, can diffuse into blood to be detected in tests
necrosis
when a group of cells die
liquefaction necrosis
dead cells liquefy inder the influence o certain cell enzymes; when brain tissue dies, or certain bacterial linfections in which a cavity or ulcer develop
coagulative necrosis
when the cell proteins are altered or denatured cells retain some for for a time, occurs in heart attack when lack of oxygen causes death
fat necrosis
fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes
caseous necrosis
form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick yellowish cheesy substance forms, tb.
infarction
term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen.
gangrene
necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
brain cells die
quickly, 4 to minutes when deprived of oxygen
heart muscle dies
slowly, can survive 30 min. without oxygen.
somatic death
death of the body
brain death
based on the lack of any electrical activity in any neurons in the brain as demonstrated by eeg and absence of response