Patho Test Two Part 2

Front 1

anemias

Back 1

classified by thier cause or by the changes that affect the size, shap, or substance of the RBC

Front 2

aniocytosis

Back 2

anemia where is assumes various sizes

Front 3

poikilocytosis

Back 3

anemia that assumes various shapes

Front 4

hypoxemia

Back 4

reduced oxygen in the blood

Front 5

hemolysis

Back 5

red cell destruction

Front 6

macrocytic anemia

Back 6

a result of ineffective RBC DNA syntesis caused by b12 def or folic acid def.

Front 7

pernicous anemia

Back 7

megaloblastic anemia cause by b12 def.
-patho--absence of intrinsic factor (IF)
CM--develops slowly over 20-30 yrs. classic symptoms beefy red tounge sallow skin
Ev--based on gastric biopsy, bone marrow, and schilling test (determines balamin absorbtion)

Front 8

Intrinsic factor

Back 8

enzyme required for gastric absorption of B12

Front 9

folate def anemia

Back 9

vitamin reguired for RNA and DNA syns. w/in RBC
Does not require any other element from the upper small intestine

Front 10

microcytic hypochromic anemias

Back 10

abnormally small RBC that contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin
-iron def.
-porphyrin and heme syn.
-disorders of globin syn.
-*iron def an.
-*sideroblastic an.
-*thalassemia

Front 11

Iron def. anem.

Back 11

can include indv. in poverty , women in childbearing age, and children
-patho-- blood loss of 2-4ml a day, menorahgia in females, and meds, stomach surgery, lack of iron in diet, and pica.
CM-fatigue, weakness, page ear lobes and palms. Koilonychia-spoon shaped fingers. Diff. swalowing
-Ev--Test to measure serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, or total iron biding capacity.Indicator of heme sythesis is amoutn of freeRBC protoporphyrin w/ in RBC

Front 12

Sideroblastic anemia

Back 12

caused by ineffecient iron uptake resulting in abnormal hemoglobin syn. SA is characterised by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow.
-patho--primary disorders have no know cause (idiopathic) or assoc. w/ other myeloproliferative or myelpoplastic disorders.
Reversible SA are secondary to varous conditions such as alc. drugs, copper def., hypothermia.
CM- Skin becomes abnormally bronze tinted.
Ev- pyroxidine therapy helps 1/3. No response blood transfusion

Front 13

Normocytic-normochromic anemias

Back 13

characterized by RBC that are normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficnent in number

Front 14

polycythemia

Back 14

too much rbc production

Front 15

relative polycythemia

Back 15

results from hemoconcentration of the blood assoc. w/ dehydration

Front 16

absolute polycythemia

Back 16

secondary= erythropoetin secretion from hypoxia
people live in high altitudes
increased blood CO levels

Front 17

polycythemia vera

Back 17

chronic overproduction of RBC accomplanied by slenolgaly.
-Hypercellularity of bone marrow
-patho=abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and self desturcive expansion of red cells
-CM= blood viscosisty, hypercagulable, cloggin and occlusio of blood vessels, plethora of skin, raynaud phenomeon, auagenic puritus
-EV= increase in red cells, RBC seem normal but aniocytosis is present. Treat w/ phlebotomy

Front 18

shift to the right reaction

Back 18

return to normal

Front 19

shift to the left reaction

Back 19

premature release of immature cells

Front 20

Infectious mononucleosis

Back 20

acute infection of B cells w/ epstein barr virus
trans. from saliva
the production of B and T cells and removal of dead tissue causes tissue damage
-CM= enlargement of spleen and liver
-EV=treat w/ penicillin not ampicillin bc amp. causes rash, steriods used in severe cases

Front 21

Leukemia

Back 21

disorder of blood forming organs. Has an uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes causing overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production of hematopeic cells. Classified by undifferentiated or immature cells (blast cells)
-Patho= genetic abberations, risk factors are env. factors

Front 22

acute leukemia

Back 22

85% B 15 % T cells
-CM= bone marrow depression, petechia (purp. spots), ecchmosis (bruise), heavy menst. bleeding, liver spleen and lymp node enlargemnt (more so than in CML)
-Ev=blood tests and evaluate bone marrow. Bone marrow transplant. Allopurinol used to prevent gout

Front 23

Chronic Leukemia

Back 23

well diff. and can be readily identified. Longer life expantancy than ALL
-Patho and CM= LIver enlargemnt, phildelphia chromosome, lack of atopoisis (makes it chronic), supression of anitbody production is the most significant effect in CLL
-EV= bone marrow transplant and chemo. Splenectomy

Front 24

Lymphadenopathy

Back 24

enlarged lymph nodes caused by proliferation of lymphocytes and monocytes or invastion of malignant cells

Front 25

malignant lymphomas

Back 25

diverse group of neoplasms that develop from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphatic system

Front 26

hogdkin lymphoma

Back 26

pregression of one group of lymp nodes to another and the development of systemic symptoms. Have the presence of reed sternberg cells (respresents the malignant trans. of lymph cells, and secrete cytokines that result in acc. of infl. cells which cause local and sys. response.
-CM= enlargned painless lymphnode in the neck. Itchy skin (puritis). Coswold staging to establish a prognosis
-EV= lymph node biopsy w/ scattered RS cells. Treat w/ irradiation and chemotherapy

Front 27

non hogdkin lymphoma

Back 27

reclassified in the who/real schem into b cell lymphomas. Lack of RS cells
-Patho= mutation of cell genes from abberant cells. Risk factors are family history, hiv, hep c, H. Baceter pylori
-CM= cerivical, axillary, inguinal, and femoral chains most affected sites. Abdomial fullness, back pain and ascites (fluid in the perotineal cavity.
-EV= chemo, rad. thrapy, stem cell trans. Rituximab depletes most B cells and allows the replenishing of normal B cells from the lympoid stem cells pool.

Front 28

platlet counts

Back 28

thrombopenia- below150,000
100,000 need to worry
50,00 risk of hemorhage
10, 000 spontaneous bleeding
400,000 thrmobothemia
>1 mil have symptoms
600,000 primary themia

Front 29

virchow triad

Back 29

1.jury to blood vessel enothelium
2.abnormal blood flow
3.hypercoagulability