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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymph |
Fluid similar to plasma, but does not have plasma proteins |
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Lymphatic vessels |
Network that carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system |
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Lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs |
Found throughout the body |
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4 parts of lymphatic system |
1. Lymph 2. Lymphatic vessels 3. Lymphatic tissues and organs 4. Lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other immune system cells |
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Lymphatic and immune functions |
•Drain excess interstitial fluid •Transport dietary lipids •Carry out immune responses (Sewer system - cleans) |
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Lymphatic capillaries are for |
Collection only, NOT exchange |
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Lymphatic flow |
Blood capillaries Interstitial space Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels lymphatic ducts Subclavian veins |
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Left sided |
The lymphatic system s very what sided? |
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The lower body (lymph) all drains into the? |
Thoracic duct |
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B cells |
Plasma comes from what cells? |
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Lymphomas |
Malignant neoplasm's involving a lymphocyte proliferation and lymph nodes |
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To main disorders of lymphoma |
Hodgkin's lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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Hodgkin's lymphoma |
Initially involves a single lymph node cancer then spreads to adjacent nodes |
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Reed-Sternberg cells |
Must be present to diagnose Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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Clinical presentation of Hodgkin's lymphoma |
Nontender lymph nodes enlargement Systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss |
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Staging classification |
Stage one - single lymph node Stage two - 2 or more lymph nodes on the same side of diaphragm Stage three - both sides of diaphragm Stage four - outside the lymphatic system |
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Treatment of Hodgkin's disease |
Radiation therapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy |
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
Group of lymphoma either B Cell or T lymphoma Many different subtypes |
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Three types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma |
Indolent - which grow slowly Aggressive - has rapid growth Very aggressive - grows very rapidly |
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Lymphedema |
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels, it is congenital |
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Lymphedema treatment |
Diuretics, bed rest, massage of affected area, elevation of affected extremity |
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Elephantitis |
Is a lymphedema that is due to a parasitic infection, causes significant swelling of affected extremity, treatment is to kill parasite. |
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Castlemans disease |
Involves overgrowth of lymphoid tissue Not cancer but similar to lymphoma |
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Two types of Castlemans disease |
Unicentric form - affects single lymph node Mukticentric form - affects multiple lymph nodes and tissue (Herpes, HIV patients) |
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Infectious mononucleosis |
Epstein-Bar virus is the cause of infectious mononucleosis (Most common in early childhood, second peak during late adolescence) |
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Infectious mononucleosis |
Transmitted by salivary secretions Incubation period 4-6 weeks |
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Infectious mononucleosis symptoms |
Fatigue, malaise , fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy. Lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis - 1st week or two Splenomegaly - 2nd and 3rd weeks |
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Mono lab findings |
White blood cell count is usually elevated liver function is abnormal |
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Apex |
Inferior pointy part of heart |
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Base |
Superior flat part of heart |
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Pericardium |
Fibrous tissue, surrounds and stabilize his heart |
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Pericardial cavity |
Is between parietal and visceral layers, contains pericardial fluid |
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Pericarditis |
And infection of the pericardium |
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Epicardium |
Covers the heart, outer layer |
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Myocardium |
Middle layer, muscular wall of heart |
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Endocardium |
Inner layer, smooth lining for heart chambers, continuous with blood vessels |
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The little red blood cell |
Vena cava Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle Pulmonary valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries -> lungs pulmonary veins left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle aortic valve ascending aorta Arch of aorta -> body |
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Semilunar valve's |
Prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk in aorta into ventricles |
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Pulmonary valve |
Prevents backflow into right ventricle |
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Aortic valve |
Prevents backflow into left ventricle |
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Coronary artery's |
Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart (Going out of heart) |
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Anastomoses |
Interconnect anterior and posterior interventricular artery's |
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Coronary veins |
Coronary sinus greater cardiac vein small cardiac vein middle cardiac vein left posterior ventricle vein (Go into heart) |
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Ductus arteriosus -> Ligamentum arteriosum |
Let's blood pass from pulmonary trunk to aorta (bypasses lungs) |
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Foramen ovale |
Allows blood to pass from right atrium to the left atrium, seals off at birth forming fossa ovalis (Hole) |
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Sinoatrial (SA) node |
Located in right atrium, does not have a stable resting potential |
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Sinoatrial (SA) node |
Located in right atrium, does not have a stable resting potential |
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Atrioventricular (AV) node |
Located in the septum between atrium, both atrium contract |
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AV bundle (bundle of his) |
Transfer signal from atrium to ventricles |
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Left and right bundle branches |
Splits signal into L & R, extend signal down intraventricular septum him to apex |
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Purkinje fibers |
Transfer signal from Apex to all ventricular myocardium, both ventricles contract |
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ECG or EKG |
A recording of the electrical events in the heart obtained by electrons at specific body locations |
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P-wave |
Atria Depolarize |
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QRS complex |
Ventricles Depolarize |
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T-wave |
Ventricles repolarize |
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P-Q interval |
From start of atrial depolarization to store a ventricle depolarization (total conduction time) |
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Q-T interval |
From ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization (ventricular contraction) |
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S-T segment |
End of S to beginning of T (plateau phase) |
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The cardiac cycle |
The period between the start of one heartbeat in the beginning of the next, include both contraction and relaxation |
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Atrial systole |
Atrium contracts, SA node causes depolarization, P-wave, AV valve open, as a final 25 mL of 105 mL |
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Atrial systole |
Atrium contracts, SA node causes depolarization, P-wave, AV valve open, as a final 25 mL of 105 mL |
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Atrial diastole |
Atrium relax, atrium repolarize |
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Ventricular systole |
Ventricles contract, QRS, AV valves shut, increased pressure SL valves (120), eject 70 mL of blood |
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Ventricular diastole |
Atria and ventricles at rest, ventricles repolarize, pressure in ventricle drops, SL valves close, with more pressure drop AV valves open, T-wave |
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Mitral stenosis |
Mitral valve does not open 100%, trouble filling ventricle |
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Mitral insufficiency |
Mitral valve does not close 100%, trouble with backflow into atrium |
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Aortic stenosis |
Are you ordered valve does not open 100%, trouble forcing blood out of left ventricle |
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Aortic insufficiency |
Aortic valve does not close 100%, trouble with backflow into left ventricle |
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Cardiac output |
Is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle into the aorta every minute
Adjusted by changes in heart rate or stroke volume |
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Stroke volume |
Volume (mL) of blood ejected per beat (about 70 mL)
Adjusted by autonomic nervous system or hormones |
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Heart rate |
Number of beats per minute
Adjusted by changing EDV or ESV |
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Cardiac output equation |
CO = SV x HR 70x75=5250mL = 5.25L All blood is moved in one minute |
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Preload |
Ventricular stretching during diastole |
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Contractility |
Force produced during contraction, at a given preload |
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Afterload |
Tension the ventricle produces to open the semi lunar valve and eject blood |
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Medulla oblongata |
Controls rate in force of contraction Located in the medulla |
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Sympathetic stimulation |
Cardiac Excelerator nerve Increases heart rate (tachycardia) |
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Parasympathetic stimulation |
(CN X - vagus nerve) Decreases heart rate (bradycardia) |
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Factors that increase heart rate |
Thyroid hormones epinephrine elevated body temperature infection exertion or exercise smoking stress response pregnancy pain |
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Factors that increase heart rate |
Thyroid hormones epinephrine elevated body temperature infection exertion or exercise smoking stress response pregnancy pain |
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Systolic pressure |
Exerted one blood is ejected from ventricles (high) |
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Diastolic pressure |
Sustained pressure when ventricles relax (lower) |
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Diagnostic test for cardiovascular function |
EKG Auscultation echocardiography exercise stress test Chest x-ray films cardiac Catheterization angiography Doppler studies blood tests arterial blood gas |
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General treatment for cardiac disorders |
Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blocker's Digoxin Antihypertensive drugs Adrenergic blocking drugs Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitors) Diuretics Anticoagulants Cholesterol lowering drugs |
