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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The endocrine system differentiates what systems in the fetus
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reproductive & central nervous
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Primary conductor of everything that goes on in the endocrine system
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pituitary gland
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4 ways hormones are classified
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1- structure
2- gland of origin 3- effects it may have 4- chemical composition |
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When a rise in one hormone, causes something else to happen
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positive feedback
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when a rise in one hormone causes a decrease in another
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negative feedback
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what type of hormone can diffuse across the plasma membrane without any help
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lipid soluble hormones
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hormones that need help to circulate through the blood
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lipid soluble hormones
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examples of lipid soluble hormones
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steroid & thyroid hormones(androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids)
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What type of hormones are insulin, pituitary hormones & parathyroid hormones?
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water soluble
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these hormones have to have a cell surface receptor to enter the cell
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water soluble
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these hormones circulate free & unbound
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water soluble
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the way in which hormones are able to communicate in the cell
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signal transduction
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anterior pituitary hormones
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ACTH
growth hormone TSH FSH |
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hormones the posterior pituitary secretes
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ADH & oxytocin
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this hormone is released with just a 7% fluid loss (while walking to class on a hot day)
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ADH
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this hormone stimulates contractions during labor
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oxytocin
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internal motor or heater
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thyroid gland
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TRH triggers what to release TSH
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anterior pituitary
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normal levels of T3
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80-200
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normal levels of T4
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4.5-11.5
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tells intestines not to reabsorb any more Ca+
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calcitonin
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when thyroid hormones are low, the _______ is told to release thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
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hypothalamus
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these hormones work to control serum calcium levels
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parathyroid
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responsible for metabolism in the body
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pancreas
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major disorder of the pancreas
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diabetes mellitus
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alpha cells secrete
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glucagon
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beta cells secrete
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insulin
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delta cells secrete
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somatostatin & gastrin
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the majority of cells in the islets of langerhans are what kind
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B cells
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major job of insulin
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decrease blood glucose
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essential in the metabolism of fats, carbs & proteins
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somatostatin
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adrenal cortex secretes what
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glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids adrenal androgens & estrogens |
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adrenal medulla secretes what
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epinephrine & norepinephrine
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most potent glucocorticoid
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cortisol
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most potent mineralocorticoid
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aldosterone
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dilutional hyponatremia is a symptom of what disorder
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SIADH
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SIADH require a major fluid restriction of how many cc/day
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600-800
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the interference with ADH synthesis
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diabetes insipidus
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SIADH & diabetes insipidus are disorders of the what
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posterior pituitary
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gigantism & acromegaly are disorders of the what
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anterior pituitary
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this disorder begins in adulthood, causing bones to thicken & widen
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acromegaly
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disorder of hyperthyroidism
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Graves Disease
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exopthalamus occurs in what disease
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Graves Disease
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as a nurse you would make a room calm & quiet with decreased stimulation for a patient with what condition
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Graves Disease
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severe, long standing hypothyroidism that is an emergency
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myxedema
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regulates calcium & activates Vitamin D
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parathyroid hormone
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increased secretion of this leads to hypercalcemia & hypophosphotemia
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PTH
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pathologic fracture is a symptom of what disease
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hyperparathyroidism
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this hormone is critical to the stress response
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cortisol
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when the adrenal cortex does not produce enough steroids
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Addison's
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orthostatic hypotension is a symptom of what disorder
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Addison's
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caused by excess corticosteroids, especially glucocorticoids like prednisone
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Cushing's syndrome
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severe episodic hypertension if a symptom of what disease
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pheochromocytopenia
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when a neoplasm of the adrenal medulla produces excessive catecholamines
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pheochromocytopenia
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these valves open when blood flows out of the ventricles & into pulmonary & systemic circulation
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semilunar
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these valves open during ventricular relaxation and blood flows from the atria to the relaxed ventricles. They close & prevent backflow into the atria as the ventricles contract.
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atrioventricular
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3 functions of the pericardium
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1-prevent displacement during gravitational acceleration or deceleration
2- serves as a physical barrier against infection & inflammation 3- contains pain receptors & mechanoreceptors to elicit reflex changes in BP & heart rate |
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this attaches cusps to the papillary muscle
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chordae tendinae
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extensions of the myocardium that pull the cusps together & downward at onset of ventricular contraction, preventing their backward expulsion into the atria
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papillary muscles
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this valve is tricuspid
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Right atrioventricular
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this valve is bicuspid (also called the mitral valve)
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Left atrioventricular
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large vein that empties blood into the right atrium
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coronary sinus
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connection b/w 2 branches of the same or the opposite coronary artery
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collateral arteries
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responsible for supplying blood & O2 to the myocardium that has been deprived of O2 following severe narrowing & reduced vasoelastic function of a major coronary artery
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collateral arteries
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when the atria or ventricles are rest. (filling is occuring)
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diastole
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the atria or ventricles are contracting, and ejecting blood out into circulation
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systole
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pathway of conduction
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SA node
Bachmann's Bundle AV node Bundle of HIS bundle branches purkinje fibers |
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known as the pacemaker of the heart
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SA node
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known as the gatekeeper of the heart
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AV node
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In an EKG, the __ wave marks atrial contraction.
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P
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In an EKG, the ___ interval is the time from the firing of the SA node until the electrical impulse reaches the AV node.
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PR
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In an EKG, the ____ interval is the length of time from ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization. This varies with the patient's hear rate.
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QT
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The ___ complex marks ventricular contraction.
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QRS
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The ___ wave marks ventricular repolarization.
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T
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the pressure generated in the left ventricle and the end of diastole. it is determined by end-diastolic volume, and it's stretch on the myocardium
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preload
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the resistance or impedence to ejection of blood from the LV, the load the muscle must move after it starts to contract aortic systolic pressure is a way to measure this
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afterload
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this is the sound of the AV valves closing
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S1
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sound of the closure of the aortic & pulmonic semi-lunar valves
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S2
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vibration of the ventricular walls from the blood rushing in, increased filling of the ventricles. Normal up to age 30, then abnormal thereafter
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S3
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caused by blood rushing into a stiffened, noncompliant ventricle
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S4
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turbulent blood flowing through an abnormal valve
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murmur
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caused by an inflammed pericardium rubbing up against the chest wall
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rub
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sound a stiff stenotic AV valve makes when it opens
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Snap
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sound a stiff stenotic semi-lunar valve makes when it opens
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Click
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the best way to measure afterload
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aortic systolic pressure
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