Patho Test 2, Lecture 2

Front 1

What is atherosclerosis?

Back 1

Hardening of blood vessel wall and narrowing of the lumen

Front 2

What is an aneurysm?

Back 2

Localized abnormal dilation of blood vessel

Front 3

What is an aortic dissection?

Back 3

dissection of blood between layers of media. Formation of blood filled channel within the aortic wall.

Front 4

What is vasculitis?

Back 4

Inflammation of vessel wall

Front 5

What is thrombophlebitis?

Back 5

inflammation of veins

Front 6

What is phlebothrombosis?

Back 6

thrombosis of veins

Front 7

What are varicose veins?

Back 7

Abnormally dilated and tortuous veins due to prolonged intraluminal pressure and loss of vessal wall support. Occupation related (prolonged standing).

Front 8

What is thrombosis?

Back 8

Formation of a blood clot

Front 9

What are the causes and classifications of vasculitis?

Back 9

Caused by either immune mediated injury (non infectious vasculitis) (majority) or direct invasion of pathogens into vessel wall (minority). The classification of vasculitis is based on the size of the vessel (large, medium, or small)

Front 10

What is Giant cell arteritis?

Back 10

most common form of vasculitis, large vessels, affects arteries in head and neck. Usually in persons over age 50.

Front 11

What are the symptoms of Giant cell arteritis?

Back 11

intense headache along temporal artery, ocular problems including diplopia and loss of vision.

Front 12

How is Giant cell arteritis diagnosed, and what type of cell is prominent?

Back 12

• Diagnosed upon biopsy: chronic granulomatous inflammation (lots of macrophages. GIANT cells in vessel wall).

Front 13

What is the treatment for Giant cell arteritis?

Back 13

corticosteroids

Front 14

What is Takayasu arteritis?

Back 14

Involves large arteries, vasculitis of aortic arch and its branches.

Front 15

What are the symptoms of Takayasu arteritis?

Back 15

Ocular, weak pulse and bp in upper extremities. (pulseless disease)

Front 16

What is Wegner granulomatosis?

Back 16

A type of vasculitis that affects small vessels. Granulanomas and vasculitis form in upper respiratory tract and lungs. It affects kidneys and causes renal disease. There is a presence of abnormal type of antibody called CANCA.

Front 17

What is Thromboangitis obliterans? (Buerger disease)

Back 17

A type of vasculitis that has a strong association with smoking, common in young men. Results in inflammation and thrombosis of vessels in extremities. Causes severe pain, ulcers in toes and feet, and gangrene.

Front 18

What is the treatment of Buerger disease?

Back 18

Cessation of smoking, vasodilator drugs.

Front 19

What is Polyarteritis nodosa?

Back 19

A type of vasculitis that affects renal vessels. Medium vessels.

Front 20

What is Kawasaki disease?

Back 20

A type of vasculitis that affects children, coronary arteries are involved. Medium vessels.

Front 21

What is thrombophlebitis?

Back 21

Caused by venous stasis (blood not moving will clot), increased platelets, venous injury. Results in swelling of affected area, pain, possible thrombosis.

Front 22

What is Deep Vein thrombosis?

Back 22

90% involve deep veins of legs.
Predisposing conditions: DVT, CCF (congestive cardiac failure??), pregnancy, obesity, postoperative state, prolonged immobilization, genetic hypercoagulability, cancer (pancreas, colon, lung)
Symptoms: swelling, redness, pain, or sometimes asymptomatic.
Can cause a pulmonary embolism (most serious complications).

Front 23

What are some prevention/treatment options for Deep Vein thrombosis?

Back 23

Exercise, anticoagulation drugs (Warfarin), thrombolytics to dissolve the clot (streptokinase).

Front 24

What numbers of systolic and diastolic bp are considered hypertension?

Back 24

systolic > 140mmHg. diastolic > 90mmHg

Front 25

What are causes of hypertension?

Back 25

95% of causes are unknown. Known causes include Cushing syndrome (excess production of steroid hormone), glomerulonephritis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, coarctation of aorta, pregnancy.

Front 26

What are the stages of hypertension?

Back 26

Prehypertension = 120-139 (systolic) and 80-89 (diastolic). Stage 1 = 140-159 and 90-99. Stage 2 = >160 and >100.

Front 27

What is stenosis?

Back 27

Narrowing of blood vessel to where blood can't get through.

Front 28

What is the most common location of an aortic aneurysm?

Back 28

abdominal aorta (AAA) – below renal arteries and above bifurcation of aorta

Front 29

What is the difference between a true and false aneurysm?

Back 29

A true aneurysm is the expansion of blood vessel outwards at one point. A false aneurysm is a growth outside the vessel but inside the extravascular connective tissue. That is called a hematoma.

Front 30

What are the causes of an aortic aneurysm?

Back 30

Atherosclerosis, medial destruction and plaque formation, genetics, Marfan syndrome (defect in vessel wall).

Front 31

What is a syphilitic aneurysm?

Back 31

An aneurysm in the thoracic aorta, usually the descending aorta.

Front 32

What is Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Back 32

Vasculitis involving inflammation in the respiratory tract. Affects small blood vessels. Associated with asthma. p-ANCAs.

Front 33

What is Raynaud disease?

Back 33

Episodic pallor and cyanosis of digits of hand and feet due to vasospasm of small arteries
Sequence of red- white - blue
Young women. Etiology unknown, precipitated by cold, strong emotions.
Represents exaggeration of response to cold.

Front 34

What is the treatment of Raynaud disease?

Back 34

vasodilators

Front 35

What causes Raynaud disease?

Back 35

Lupus, scleroderma, malignancies

Front 36

What is a hemangioma?

Back 36

An abnormal buildup of blood vessels in the skin or internal organs. Considered a benign neoplasm.  Caused by congenital abnormalities.
Results in localized redness which blanches upon pressure, rarely bleeds

Front 37

What is a lymphangioma?

Back 37

Lympathic growth at head or neck. Most common in infants.

Front 38

Name two intermediate grade neoplasms

Back 38

Kaposi sarcoma, hemangioendothelioma

Front 39

What are the common sites of malignant neoplasms, and what are two examples?

Back 39

Common sites include skin, soft tissue, liver, breast. Angiosarcoma is malignant tumor of vessel walls, and is associated with arsenic, polyvinyl chloride, and thorotrast exposure. Hemangioperocytoma is another example.