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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the sequence of structures through which urine passes as it leaves the body
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1) minor calyx
2) major calyx 3) renal pelvis 4) ureter 5) urinary bladder 6) urethra |
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the functional unit of the human kidney is
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nephron
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one feature of the renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that:
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there are 2 sets of capillaries
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What condition has the opposite effect on urine production?
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decreased solutes in blood
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a relatively high BP in the glomerulus of the kideney is maintained because:
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the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole
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the capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body becuase they:
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branch from and drain into arterioles
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What are the functions of the kidney?
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1) water volume control
2) blood pressure control 3) conversion of vit. D to an active form |
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Is urine storage one of the functions of the kidney?
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No!
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potassium is secreted and reabsorbed by:
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proximal convulted tubule
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the primary receptors sensitive to the oncotic pressure of blood are found in the:
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hypothalamus
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water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate initially enters:
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vasa recta
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plasma contains a much greater concentration of ____ than the glomerular filtrate
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protein
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an increase in water permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct is due to:
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an increase in the production of ADH
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the descending loop of the nephron allows:
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sodium diffusion inward
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Which pressures affect net glomerular filtration?
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blood hydrostatic opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic
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tubular secretion is accomplished in the:
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distal convoluted tubule
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tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion deffer in that:
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1) secretion adds material to the filtrate
2) reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate |
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the kideneys eliminate
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H, NH4+
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if a small person excretes about 1L of urine during a 24 hr period, estimate the total amount of glomerular filtrate formed
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100 L (???)
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What should not appear in the glomerular filtrate (in any significant quantity) just after the process of glomerular filtration has been accomplished?
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protein
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loop of Henle is to vasa recta as convoluted tubules are to the:
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peritubular capillaries
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the 2 "currents" used in the countercurrent exchange system are the:
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ascending and descending limbs
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the countercurrent exchange system
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facilitates osmosis
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a waste product of protein metabolism is:
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urea
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glomerular filtration
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is the fisrt step in urine formation
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tubular reabsorption
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1) retains substances that are needed by the body (water, glucose, Na, K, HCO3)
2) removes materials from the filtrate and returns them to the blood |
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tubular secretion
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1) excretes chemicals that are not needed by the body (H, some AAs, urea, creatinine, some drugs)
2) adds material to the filtrate from the blood |
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the digestive functions performed by the saliva and salivary amylase are:
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lubrication and carbohydrate digestion
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during nervous control of gastric secretion, the gastric glands secrete before food enters the stomach. This stimulus to the glands comes from:
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parasympathetic impulses over the vagus nerve
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pepsinogen
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1) must be activated by HCl
2) is secreted by the chief cells 3) is important in the breakdown of proteins |
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beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the GI tract is:
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
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normally, when chyme leaves the stomach:
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the proteins have been partly digested
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which layer of the small intestine includes microvilli?
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mucosa
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Is conversion of protein molecules into AAs a type of mechanical digestion?
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No!
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mechanical digestion
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1) chewing
2) churning and mixing of food in the stomach 3) peristalsis and mastication |
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pancreatic juice is to trypsin as gastric juice is to:
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pepsin
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Which part of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus?
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jejunum
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among the structural features of the small intestine are villi, microvilli, and circular folds. Their function is to:
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increase the surface area for absorption
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teh fate of carbohydrates in the small intestine is:
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digestion by amylase, sucrase, maltase, and lactase to monosaccharide
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the absorptive fate of the end products of digestion may be summarized as:
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AAs and monosaccharides are absorbed into blood capillaries; most fatty acids are absorbed into lymph
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a lobule of the liver contains a centrally located:
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vein, with radiating hepatocytes and sinusoids
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an obstraction of the common bile duct would cause the blockage of bile comming from:
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both the liver and the gallbladder
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the human adult liver does not:
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produce erythrocytes
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liver
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1) store glycogen
2) convert ammonia to urea 3) produce blood coagulation proteins |
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the chyme that enters the large intestine is converted to feces by activity of:
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bacteria and water reabsorption
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the diaphysis is the:
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shaft of a long bone
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motor unit includes
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1) muscle fibers
2) motor nerve axons 3) anterior horn cell 4) lower motor neuron |
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the perimysium is to a fasciculus as the:
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periosteum is to a bone
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What protein is found in the thick myofilaments?
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myosin
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an important function of the transverse tubule is to:
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carry the electrical action potential deeper into the muscle fiber
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the ion necessary for coupling is:
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calcium
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the strength of muscle contraction depends on the:
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1) extent of the load
2) initial length of muscle fibers 3) recruitment of additional motor units 4) nerve innervation ratios |
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attempting to push an object that is too heavy to move is an example of which kind of contraction?
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isometric
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sarcomere
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stacks of myofilaments; unit of contraction
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sarcolemma
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membrane that covers the muscle fiber
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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calcium transport system
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Volkmann canals
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contains blood vessels
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trabecula
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irregular meshwork
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lamellae
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concentric rings
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