Patho Quiz #5

Front 1

Early puberty is r/t...

Back 1

earlier pregnancy

Front 2

The age of menarche is...

Back 2

getting earlier and earlier; it use to be 16 yo

Front 3

Prepubescent

Back 3

hypothalamic-pituitary system is highly sensitive to very low levels of steriod hormones (negative-feedback system)

Front 4

Three distinct changes occur during puberty:

Back 4

1. onset of nocturnal sleep-related increase in pulsatile secretion of GnRH and LH
2. Decrease in sensitivity of hypothalamus and pituitary...increase in LH and FSH
3. in females, development of a positive feedback system

Front 5

One proposed theory of puberty proposes that it is r/t a decrease in melatonin secretion by the pineal gland

Back 5

Although animal studies have shown that melatonin appears to inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary gland secretion, this has not been documented in humans.

Front 6

The timing of puberty is influenced by:

Back 6

1. genetics
2. geographic location, exposure to light, general health and nutrition
3. critical body weight
4. greater percent of body fat (16->23.5%)
5. growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I levels
6. leptin production

Front 7

Menarche

Back 7

age at first bleed; ovulation often not occuring yet

Front 8

Gametogenesis

Back 8

the formation of gametes which are the sperm and egg

Front 9

Major hormones involved in puberty:

Back 9

1. FSH
2. LH
3. Estradiol
4. Progesterone
5. Adrenal androgens
6. Testosterone

Front 10

FSH

Back 10

1. gemetogenesis
2. estrogen production

Front 11

LH

Back 11

1. Leydig cells->testosterone
2. Theca cells->androgens and midcycle surge->ovulation

Front 12

Estradiol

Back 12

1. epiphyseal fusion
2. breast development
3. development of labia, vagina, uterus
4. proliferative endometrium
5. increase fat mass
6. triggers midcycle surge of LH

Front 13

Progesterone

Back 13

1. secretory endometrium
2. breast development

Front 14

Adrenal androgens

Back 14

public hair and linear growth

Front 15

Testosterone

Back 15

1. linear growth
2. epiphyseal fusion
3. development of penis, scrotum, prostate, seminal vesicles
4. pubic, axillary, and facial hair
5. increase in size of larynx
6. stimulates sebaceous gland to secrete oil
7. increase libido
8. increase in muscle mass
9. increase in RBC

Front 16

SRY gene

Back 16

in it's absence there is a tendency toward the development of female genitalia

Front 17

Wolffian

Back 17

male accessory organs

Front 18

Mullerian

Back 18

female accessory organs

Front 19

genetic sex

Back 19

1. determined at birth
2. determined by the presence of the SRY gene

Front 20

The embryo initially has indifferent gonads which can become either oocytes or spermatocytes

Back 20

true

Front 21

Spermatogenesis

Back 21

1. begins at puberty
2. is influenced by testosterone
3. involves premordial germ cells

Front 22

Purpose of meiosis

Back 22

1. reduce chromosomal number
2. genetic recombination

Front 23

Oogenesis

Back 23

1. begins at puberty
2. all oogonia are at the primary oocyte stage at birth (diploid)
3. first meiotic division occurs during fetal life, but is not completed until ovulation (this yields one secondary oocyte which is haploid and one polar body)
4. the secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division but stops in metaphase until fertilization occurs
5. with fertilization of the secondary oocyte, the second meiotic division is completed and results in: one mature oocyte (23 unpaired chromosomes) and a second polar body

Front 24

Sperm structure

Back 24

head, middle body, and principal piece

Front 25

Sperm head

Back 25

contains the nucleus and acrosomal cap

Front 26

Sperm middle body

Back 26

contains mitochondria (ATP)

Front 27

Principal piece of the sperm

Back 27

ATP storage and microtubules

Front 28

Regulation of Spermatogenesis

Back 28

1. decrease in testosterone
2. increase in LH production
3. increase in production of testosterone by the Leydig cells
4. the increase in testosterone leads to a decrease in LH

Front 29

What is the major action of LH in the male?

Back 29

stimulation of the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

Front 30

Role of FSH in the male

Back 30

stimulation of Sertoli cells and the production of inhibin

Front 31

FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in males which leads to...

Back 31

1. the synthesis of estradiol from testosterone
2. produces androgen-binding protein->binds testosterone
3. produces activin

Front 32

FSH stimulates the production of inhibin in males which leads to...

Back 32

1. the blockage of the aromitization of androgens to estradiol
2. negative feedback to the anterior pituitary resulting in a decrease in FSH production

Front 33

Function of testosterone

Back 33

1. sexual differentiation in the embryo
2. maturation of external genitalia
3. linear body growth and enlargement of muscle mass
4. enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords
5. beard, axillary, and pubic hair growth (also includes balding)
6. libido and sexual potential

Front 34

Male Fertility

Back 34

1. less than 50,000,000 sperm per ejaculate is considered infertile (the avg. is 200-300 million)
2. one sperm fertilizes one egg
3. hyaluronidase, which is produced by the sperm, is thought to be one of the enzymes necessary for capacitation

Front 35

Menstural cycle overview

Back 35

1. avg. age of menarche is 12.8 yo
2. avg. age of menopause is 52 yo
3. avg. menstural cycle is 28-30 days (consistency is the key)
4. avg. duration of menstruation is 4-6 days

Front 36

Characteristics of the ovary:

Back 36

follicle and corpus luteum

Front 37

Follicle

Back 37

1. Theca cells synthesize androgens (LH)
2. granulosa cells synthesize estrogens (FSH)
3. graffian follicle- the follicle that matures and ovulates