Patho Quiz 1

Front 1

cells

Back 1

the basic unit that makes up tissues

Front 2

tissues

Back 2

a group of different cell types that combine to form a specific function

Front 3

organs

Back 3

fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions

Front 4

organ systems

Back 4

organs combined make up

Front 5

plasma membrane

Back 5

the barrier of the cellular structure is called the

Front 6

cytoplasm

Back 6

surrounds the nucleus

Front 7

organelles

Back 7

each of the _______ perform a specific function

Front 8

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 8

organelle that is the cell transport system

Front 9

Golgi apparatus

Back 9

organelle responsible for protein packaging

Front 10

lysosome

Back 10

organelle responsible for digestion

Front 11

peroxisome

Back 11

organelle that breaks down fatty acids

Front 12

proteosome

Back 12

organelle that breaks down protein

Front 13

mitochondria

Back 13

organelle responsible for the energy in the cell

Front 14

nucleus

Back 14

organelle that contains the DNA

Front 15

cytoskeleton

Back 15

organelle that contributes to the cell shape

Front 16

trasportation

Back 16

cellular function: movement in and out of the cell

Front 17

ingestion

Back 17

cellular function: take in substances for use

Front 18

secretion

Back 18

cellular function: release items

Front 19

respiration

Back 19

cellular function: produce ATP

Front 20

communication

Back 20

cellular function: react with other items

Front 21

reproduction

Back 21

cellular function: grow and divide

Front 22

passive transport

Back 22

a transport mechanism that require minimal energy

Front 23

diffusion

Back 23

a type of passive transport: high to low concentration

Front 24

osmosis

Back 24

a type of passive transport: movement of water

Front 25

facilitated diffusion

Back 25

a type of passive transport: utilization of transport proteins

Front 26

active transport

Back 26

a type of transport mechanism that requires energy

Front 27

endocytosis

Back 27

process used to transport large substances into the cell

Front 28

pinocytosis

Back 28

type of endocytosis: ATP requiring process of ingesting small vesicles

Front 29

phagocytosis

Back 29

type of endocytosis: process of ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components resulting in the release of oxygen free radicals

Front 30

secretion

Back 30

cellular products packaged into vesicles; transport out of the cell by exocytosis

Front 31

respiration

Back 31

use of oxygen to produce energy; energy produced by mitochondria

Front 32

communication

Back 32

signals between cells controlling cellular function and behavior

Front 33

receptor- ligand

Back 33

In cellular communication, messages are communicated by ____________ binding.

Front 34

cellular damage

Back 34

In cellular communication, feedback mechanisms prevent ________ _________.

Front 35

reproduction

Back 35

cellular division under genetic control

Front 36

mitosis

Back 36

In reproduction, _______ produces an exact replica.

Front 37

meiosis

Back 37

In reproduction, _______ produces a cell that has 1/2 chromosome of each parent cell

Front 38

differentiation

Back 38

In reproduction, cellular ________ directs the development if specific cell types.

Front 39

atrophy

Back 39

Cellular response to stress:
decrease in size

Front 40

hypertrophy

Back 40

Cellular response to stress:
increase in size

Front 41

hyperplasia

Back 41

Cellular response to stress:
increase in number of cells

Front 42

metaplasia

Back 42

Cellular response to stress:
change from one type to another

Front 43

dysplasia

Back 43

Cellular response to stress:
change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure

Front 44

1. physical
2. mechanical
3. thermal R/T extremes in temperature
4. chemical

Back 44

Causes of cellular injury:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Front 45

apoptosis

Back 45

Mechanisms cellular of death:
cellular suicide that replaces old cells with new ones

Front 46

necrosis

Back 46

Mechanism of cellular death:
disorderly proces associated with inflammation

Front 47

cerebral atrophy

Back 47

reduction in the size of the cells in the cerebrum of the brain; includes progressive reduction in the size of neurons

Front 48

1. reduced stimulation
2. injury (decreased perfusion)

Back 48

Cerebral atrophy is a result of:
1.
2.

Front 49

focal

Back 49

Cerebral Atrophy Clinical Manifestations:
localized to one region

Front 50

global

Back 50

Cerebral Atrophy Clinical Manifestations:
affecting the entire brain

Front 51

1. function
2. neurologic
3. MRI

Back 51

Cerebral Atrophy Diagnostic Criteria:
1. Early identification of loss of ______
2. _________ examination
3. Imaging studies such as a _______

Front 52

2. injury
3. disease

Back 52

Cerebral Atrophy Treatment:
1. Prevention
2. Interruption of ______ process
3. Slowing course of ________

Front 53

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Back 53

increased cardiac muscle mass

Front 54

1. workload
2. functional
3. genetic

Back 54

Cardiac Hypertrophy Etiology:
1. Excessive cardiac _________
2. Increased ________ demand
3. Inherited ______ trait

Front 55

non- sex

Back 55

PRIMARY Cardiac Hypertrophy:
Inherited _______- _____ linked genetic trait

Front 56

1. left ventricular
2. myocardial

Back 56

SECONDARY Cardiac Hypertrophy:
1. Due to an underlying condition increasing _____ __________ workload
2. Increasing in left ventricular muscle mass results from an increase in ___________ cell size.

Front 57

1. mild to severe
2. shortness of breath
3. syncope
4. impaired cardiac function

Back 57

Cardiac Hypertrophy Clinical Manifestations:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Front 58

1. genetic
3. exercise
4. arrhythmia
5. murmur

Back 58

Cardiac Hypertrophy Diagnostic Material:
1. ______ testing
2. hypertension
3. reduced ________ tolerance
4. ventricular ________
5. heart ________

Front 59

ventricular arrhythmia

Back 59

altered signals in the cells of the ventricle

Front 60

1. surgical
2. pharmacologic
3. non-pharmacologic

Back 60

Cardiac Hypertrophy Treatment:
1.
2.
3.

Front 61

1. ventricles
2. pressure

Back 61

Pharmacologic Cardiac Hypertrophy Treatment:
1. Drugs that relax the _________
2. Drugs that reduce the workload of the heart
- decrease the _______ that the heart must pump against

Front 62

restriction

Back 62

Non-pharmacologic treatments for Cardiac Hypertrophy includes activity ________.

Front 63

Acromegaly

Back 63

condition of cellular hyperplasia

Front 64

Acromegaly

Back 64

this results from excessive hormonal stimulation of pituitary growth hormone and liver insulin like growth factor.

Front 65

Acromegaly

Back 65

______ leads to excessive growth in bones, cartilage, soft tissues, and organs.

Front 66

Acromegaly

Back 66

______ occurs after epiphyseal plate closure ( gigantism if occurs prior to closure of epiphyseal plate)

Front 67

1. swelling
2. facial
3. hands
4. deepening
6. skin
7. reproductive

Back 67

Acromegaly Clinical Manifestations:
1. soft tissue ______
2. altered ______ features
3. pain and numbness in ______
4. voice _______
5. snoring
6. ______ changes
7. altered ______ function

Front 68

- Glucose tolerance test
- Growth hormone
- IGF-1

Back 68

Acromegaly Diagnostic Criteria:
1. History and physical examination
2. Laboratory analysis
-
-
-

Front 69

growth

Back 69

Acromegaly Pharmacologic Treatment:
drugs to reduce _________ hormone secretion

Front 70

promote death in growth hormone hyper-secreating cells

Back 70

Acromegaly Non-Pharmacologic Treatment:
radiation therapy to

Front 71

hypersecretion

Back 71

Acromegaly Surgical Treatment:
removal of tumor causing ________ of growth hormone

Front 72

Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia

Back 72

cellular adaptation of the squamous and columnar epithelial cells in the transformation zone of the cervix

Front 73

Metaplasia

Back 73

changing of cell types as a response to environmental stressors

Front 74

Dysplasia

Back 74

abnormal growth and disordered differentiation in dividing cells

Front 75

1. sexual activity
3. HPV

Back 75

No signs and symptoms of Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia but, risk factors include:
1. early onset of ______ _______
2. Multiple partners
3. exposure to _____
4. smoking

Front 76

2. zone
HPV
3. cervical

Back 76

Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia Diagnostic Criteria:
1. history and physical exams
2. Screening tests
- Micro exam of transformation _____ cells
- _______ screening
3. Diagnostic test
- Biopsy of ______ tissue

Front 77

1. risk
2.
- cold
- surgical

Back 77

Cervical Metaplasia and Dysplasia Treatment:
1. ______ reduction
2. elimination of _____ cells
- _____ therapy
- _____ excision

Front 78

environmental

Back 78

Exposure to ______ chemicals leads to cardiovascular cell injury.

Front 79

oxidative damage
inflammation

Back 79

Airborne particulate matter causes ______ _____ and _______ in heart and blood vessel cells.

Front 80

aortic, lung, coronary

Back 80

Environmental Toxins and Cardio. Disease Clinical Manifestations:
______ aneurysm, chronic ______ disease, cancer, pneumonia, ______ heart disease, stroke

Front 81

CV

Back 81

Environmental Toxins and Cardio. Disease Diagnostic Criteria:
1. history and physical exam
2. lab studies: for markers of ___ disease

Front 82

exercise, increased, cardiac

Back 82

Environmental Toxins and Cardio. Disease Complications:
reduced _____ tolerance, difficulty breathing, blood clot, hypertension, _____ heart rate, reduced _____ output, hyperlipidemia

Front 83

1. risk
2. symptom
3. smoking cessation and management of CV complications

Back 83

Environmental Toxins and Cardio. Disease Treatment:
1. ____ reduction
2. ______ management
3. pharmacologic treatment: drugs that assist with

Front 84

inflammation

Back 84

nonspecific process triggered by tissue injury

Front 85

blood flow

Back 85

Goal of inflammation:
increase _____ _____ to site (vascular response)

Front 86

healing cells

Back 86

Goal of inflammation:
increase ______ _____ at site (cellular response)

Front 87

injured
tissue repair

Back 87

Goal of inflammation:
remove _______ tissue & prepare for _______ _______

Front 88

skin and mucous membrane

Back 88

the first line of defense

Front 89

inflammatory response

Back 89

the second line of defense

Front 90

immune response

Back 90

the third line of defense

Front 91

vascular response

Back 91

facilitated by chemical mediators

Front 92

vascular response

Back 92

induces vasodilation (increases blood flow) and increases capillary permeability (easier movement of particles)

Front 93

vascular response

Back 93

objective is to get more blood flowing to the injured area

Front 94

1. WBC
2. platelets
3. endothelial or damaged tissue cells

Back 94

Cell-derived Inflammatory Mediators
1.
2.
3.

Front 95

1. Complement system
2. Kinin system
3. Clotting system

Back 95

Plasma-derived Inflammatory Mediators
1.
2.
3.

Front 96

1. chemotaxis
2. cellular adherence
3. cellular migration

Back 96

3 steps of cellular response:
1.
2.
3.

Front 97

Local manifestations

Back 97

_____ ________ include heat, incapacitation, pain, edema, redness

Front 98

systematic manifestations

Back 98

______ _______ may include fever (pyrexia), fatigues, weight loss, headache, lethargy, increased circulating leukocytes, and plasma proteins.

Front 99

- bood flow
- decrease
- chemical mediators

Back 99

Treatment of Inflammation:
- reduce _____ _____
- _______ swelling
- block the action of ______ _______

Front 100

1. Inflammatory phase
2. Proliferative phase
3. Remodeling phase

Back 100

Phases of Healing and Tissue Repair
1.
2.
3.

Front 101

chronic inflammation

Back 101

recurrent or persistant inflammation lasting several weeks or longer

Front 102

chronic inflammation

Back 102

monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes more prominently involved

Front 103

chronic inflammation

Back 103

formation of granulomas and scarring often occur

Front 104

1. Infection
2. Ulceration (poor perfusion)
3. Dehiscence ( inadequate scar formation)
4. Keloids (hypertrophic scars)
5. Adhesions (abdominal surgery)

Back 104

Complications of Healing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Front 105

1. Burns
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
3. Gastritis
4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBS)

Back 105

Application of the Concepts of Inflammation:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Front 106

excessive heat
radiation
caustic chemicals
electricity

Back 106

The CAUSE OF BURNS is direct contact with __________, _______, ________, or ________.

Front 107

acute inflammatory response

Back 107

The RESULT OF BURNS is _________.

Front 108

type and time

Back 108

Burn severity is correlated with exposure ______ and _____.

Front 109

superficial partial- thickness

Back 109

Burn classification:
epidermis

Front 110

deep partial- thickness

Back 110

Burn classification:
epidermis and some dermis

Front 111

full thickness

Back 111

Burn classification:
epidermis, dermis, and maybe some SQ tissue

Front 112

2. function
3. blistering
4. full thickness

Back 112

Burn Clinical Manifestations:
1. heat, swelling, pain, redness
2. loss of _______
3. _____ occurs with deep partial burns
4. redness, eschar, edema, exudate characterize _____ _______ burns.

Front 113

Nines

Back 113

Burn Diagnostic Criteria includes the Rule of ______.

Front 114

1. wound depth
2. surface area
3. required level of treatment

Back 114

American Burn Association has designated criteria for distinguishing minor, moderate, and major burns based on:
1.
2.
3.

Front 115

cool; rinse

Back 115

Burn Treatment:
remove source of injury and _____ or _____ skin.

Front 116

breathing

Back 116

Burn Treatment:
airway, _________, circulation

Front 117

nutrition; analgestics

Back 117

Burn Treatment:
fluids, _______, antibiotics, _______

Front 118

1. hydrotherapy
2. skin grafting

Back 118

Burn Treatment:
Wound management may include:
1.
2.

Front 119

1. genetic
2. immune triggering
3. autoimmunity

Back 119

Causes of RA-
1. _______ susceptibility
2. _______ ________ event
3. Development of ________ against synovial cells

Front 120

RA

Back 120

Chronic inflammation of synovial membranes and synovial hyperplasia

Front 121

1. genetic
2. Immune Triggering
3. autoimmunity

Back 121

Reasons for RA:
1. _________ susceptibility
2. ________ ________ event
3. Development of _________ against synovial cells

Front 122

2. symmetrical
3. stiffness
5. decreased

Back 122

RA clinical manifestations:
1. mild to debilitating
2. _______ joints
3. pain and _______ of joints
4. redness, heat, and swelling
5. ________ mobility

Front 123

ESR
CRP
IgG
ANA

Back 123

RA Diagnostic Criteria
-No definitive test
-Increased likelihood with positive findings
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( )
- C-reactive protein ( )
- Rheumatoid factor ( )
- Antinuclear antibodies ( )

Front 124

1. drugs that induce remission
2. rest and activity
3. physical therapy

Back 124

RA Treatment:
1. Pharamcologic: ________________
Non- pharamcologic:
2. ______ and ______ balance
3. _________ __________ exercise
4. splints
5. surgery

Front 125

Acute Gastritis

Back 125

ingestion of irritating substances and/or poor gastric perfusion results in acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa; gastric epithelial cell necrosis; gastric acid erodes underlying tissues

Front 126

1. abdominal
3. appetite

Back 126

Acute Gastritis Clinical Manifestations:
1. mild to severe _________ pain
2. indigestion
3. loss of _________
4. nausea
5. vomiting

Front 127

1. history and physical
2. endoscopic
3. stool
4. blood

Back 127

Acute Gastritis Diagnostic Criteria:
1. ________ and ________ exam
2. ___________ examination
3. _____ analysis to check for blood
4. complete ______ count to check for anemia

Front 128

1. irritating substance
2. buffer or decrease

Back 128

Acute Gastritis Treatment:
1. Discontinue ingestion of ____________
2. _______ or ________ production of gastric acid

Front 129

Chronic Gastritis

Back 129

chronic infection or autoimmune process leading to chronic inflammation; gastric epithelial and mucosal cell atrophy; gastric acid production impaired

Front 130

2. appetite
4. asymptomatic

Back 130

Chronic Gastritis Clinical Manifestations:
1. dyspepsia
2. loss of _________
3. vomiting
4. can be _________

Front 131

1. endoscopic
2. gastric

Back 131

Chronic Gastritis Diagnostic Criteria:
1. __________ examination
2. biopsy of ________ tissue

Front 132

1. chronic infectious
2. Immunosuppressive

Back 132

Chronic Gastritis Treatment
1. Antibiotics for __________ ____________ processes
2. _______________ drugs for autoimmune processes

Front 133

Chron Disease

Back 133

chronic inflammation anywhere throughout the GI tract but most commonly in small intestines; non- continuous penetrating ulcerations and fibrosis; impaired intestinal absorption and bowel obstruction can result

Front 134

abdominal
diarrhea
blood

Back 134

Crohn Disease Clinical Manifestations:
- ________ pain, non-bloody __________, malnutrition, hidden ________ in stool, fever, weight loss, and fatigue

Front 135

1. history and physical
2. endoscopic
3. blood

Back 135

Crohn's Disease Diagnostic Criteria
1. ________ and __________ exam
2. ___________ examination
3. complete _________ count

Front 136

1. symptom
2. pharmacologic
3. dietary
4. surgical

Back 136

Crohn Disease Treatment
1. ___________ management
2. ___________ treatment
3. ___________ changes
4. ___________ treatment

Front 137

Ulcerative Colitis

Back 137

chronic inflammation begins in rectum and ascends the descending colon; continuous superficial areas of ulceration; perforation, obstruction, and massive hemorrhage can result

Front 138

2. rectal
3. abdominal

Back 138

Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Manifestations:
1. diarrhea
2. ________ bleeding
3. ________ pain
4. fever
5. anemia

Front 139

1. history and physical
2. endoscopic
3. blood

Back 139

Ulcerative Colitis Diagnostic Criteria:
1. ________ and _________ exam
2. __________ examination
3. complete _________ count

Front 140

1. symptom
2. pharmacologic
3. dietary
4. surgical

Back 140

Ulcerative Colitis Treatment:
1. _________ management
2. _________ treatment
3. _________ changes
4. _________ treatment