Patho Phys Test 1 Chap 1, 5,6,7

Front 1

What is pathophysiology?

Back 1

Study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that results from disease processes

Front 2

Disease

Back 2

Deviation from the normal state of health, or from a state of wellness

Front 3

Disease occurs when significant changes take place in the body so that ___________ cannot be maintained

Back 3

homeostasis

Front 4

Health is defined with ________ values

Back 4

normal

Front 5

Discussion of specific diseases must be general in nature, allowing for ____________ in the individual clinical picture

Back 5

Variations

Front 6

Study of Pathophysiology

Back 6

Utilizes knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology because its based on the Loss of, or a change in normal structure and function.

Front 7

Goal of medical history

Back 7

Identify any medical condition that could be complicated by actions of the healthcare provider

Identify any condition that could create a risk for staff or other patients

Promote accurate and effective communication between all.

Front 8

Diagnosis

Back 8

Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs, symptoms and various tests and measures.

Front 9

Signs

Back 9

Objective indicators that can be observed, seen or measured by someone

Fever

Rash

Edema

Front 10

Etiology

Back 10

The causative factors involved in a disease

Front 11

idiopathic

Back 11

Disease of unknown etiology (cause)

Front 12

iatrogenic

Back 12

Disease or injury induced by treatment

Front 13

Predisposing factors (risk factors)

Back 13

Tendencies that promote disease development

Age

Gender

Occupation

Lifestyle

Diet

Front 14

Pathogenesis

Back 14

Sequence of events involved in tissue changes that relate to the disease process

Front 15

Chronic

Back 15

Insidious (gradual) onset

Long term illness

Front 16

Acute

Back 16

Sudden onset

Short term illness

Marked signs

Front 17

subclinical

Back 17

Pathological changes prior to awareness

Front 18

prodromal

Back 18

patient has awareness, but signs are vague

Front 19

Manifestation

Back 19

Clinical evidence exists

Front 20

Lesion

Back 20

Specific local pathologic change in tissue

Front 21

Syndrome

Back 21

collection of signs and symptoms that occur (run) together in response to a certain condition

Front 22

Remission

Back 22

Disease manifestations subside

Front 23

Exacerbation

Back 23

Diseases manifestations increase

Front 24

Precipitating factor

Back 24

event or condition that triggers an episode

Front 25

Therapy

Back 25

Treatment measures used to promote recovery

Front 26

sequelae

Back 26

Potential unwanted outcomes

Front 27

Convalescence

Back 27

Period of recovery and return to health

Front 28

Prognosis

Back 28

Probability of recovery based on averages

Front 29

Morbidity

Back 29

Disease rated within a group

Front 30

Mortality

Back 30

Relative number of deaths from a disease

Front 31

Atrophy

Back 31

decrease in cell size and tissue mass

Front 32

Hypertrophy

Back 32

Increase in cell size and tissue mass

Front 33

Hyperplasia

Back 33

Increased number of cells and tissue mass

Front 34

metaplasia

Back 34

One type of mature cell replaced by another type

Front 35

dysplasia

Back 35

Abnormal tissue in which cells vary in size and shape, frequent mitosis and large cell nuclei

Front 36

anaplasia

Back 36

Loss of cell differentiation

Front 37

neoplasm

Back 37

Abnormal new cell growth

Front 38

Benign

Back 38

Does not spread

Front 39

Malignant

Back 39

Characterized by metastasis

Front 40

Apoptosis

Back 40

Programmed cell death.

Front 41

Ischemic

Back 41

Cell injury or death due to lack of oxygen which reduces metabolism

Front 42

Hypoxic

Back 42

Decreased oxygen to tissues s

Front 43

Necrosis

Back 43

Cell death

Cells undergo lysis (dissolution) release chemicals that cause inflammation

Front 44

infarction

Back 44

Area of dead cells due to ischemic

Front 45

Gangrene

Back 45

Area of necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria

Front 46

Body defenses

Back 46

Defense mechanisms are used by the body to protect itself from any injurious agent

Front 47

Non specific (general)

Back 47

Provide general defense against anything "not self"

Front 48

Specific

Back 48

React and respond to specific agents

Recognizes the agent it is responding to

Front 49

1st line of defense (non specific)

Back 49

Mechanical barriers

Skin

Mucous membranes

Sweat

Front 50

2nd line of defense (non specific)

Back 50

Chemical barriers

Natural killer cells

Inflammation

Phagocytosis

Fever

Front 51

3rd line of defense (specific)

Back 51

Immunity

Front 52

Chemical barriers

Back 52

Enzymes in various body fluids

PH extremes in stomach

lysozyme

Front 53

Interferons

Back 53

Released by virus infected cells and bind to uninfected cells

Front 54

Natural killer cells

(2nd line of defense)

Back 54

Defends body against various viruses and cancer cells

Front 55

Performing

Back 55

Causes cell membrane to disintegrate, destroying infected cells

Front 56

Inflammation

(2nd line of defense)

Back 56

Tissue response to injury

Redness

heat

pain

Swelling

Helps prevent spread of pathogen and promotes healing

Front 57

Phagocytosis

(2nd line of defense)

Back 57

Destruction of foreign particles

Front 58

Neutrophil

Back 58

engulf smaller particles

Front 59

Monocyte

Back 59

Destroy larger particles

Front 60

Fever

Back 60

Caused by proliferation of lymphocytes

Release interleukin-1

Endogenous pyrogen (fire maker from within)

Front 61

Immunity

(3rd line of defense)

Back 61

Resistance to particular pathogens

More directed responses are carried out by specialized lymphocytes

Front 62

2 types of immunity

Back 62

Cell mediated

humoral

Front 63

T cells

(mediated immunity)

Back 63

Attach to foreign, antigen-bearing cells such as bacterial cells, and interact directly by cell to cell contact

Front 64

B cells

(numeral immunity)

Back 64

When stimulated, they divide to give rise to cells that differentiate into plasma cells which produce and secrete larger globular proteins called ANTIBODIES

Front 65

Body fluids carry

Back 65

Antibodies

Front 66

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Back 66

movement of fluids, nutrients and gases out of capillaries is determined by

Front 67

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 67

Pressure exerted by fluids

Front 68

Osmotic pressure

Back 68

Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water

Pressure needed to stop osmosis

Front 69

arteriole end of capillary

Back 69

movement of fluid, lytes, O2, and nutrients out of capillary

Front 70

venular end of capillary

Back 70

Hydrostatic pressure is decreased

Osmotic pressure is high

Front 71

Lymphatic system

Back 71

System where excess fluid and any proteins are recovered from the interstitial area and eventually returned to the general circulation

Front 72

Acute inflammation

Back 72

Damaged "mast cells" and "platelets" respond by releasing chemical mediators into the interstitial fluid and blood

Histamine

PROSTAGLANDIN

Front 73

Permeable

Back 73

Allows plasma proteins to leak into tissue spaces

Front 74

vasodilation

Back 74

Vascular response to injury

Front 75

Cellular response

Back 75

Damaged cell contents attract leukocytes to the area

(chemotaxis)

Front 76

marginate

Back 76

Neutrophils along with monocyte and macrophages collect along the capillary wall

Front 77

diapedesis

Back 77

Cells move through the cell wall into the interstitial space

Front 78

Inflammatory exudates

Back 78

The fluid formed in the interstitial space in an inflamed area

Front 79

SEROUS

Back 79

Consists primarily of fluid with small amounts of protein and white blood cells

Front 80

Fibrinous

Back 80

Thick and sticky with a high cell and fibrin content

Increases risk of scar tissue

Front 81

Purulent (pus)

Back 81

Thick, yellow green in color.

Contains...

Leukocytes

Cellular debris

Microorganisms

Indicates bacterial infection

Front 82

Abscess

Back 82

Localized pocket of purulent educate or pus in a solid tissue

Front 83

Hemorrhagic (bloody)

Back 83

May be present if blood vessels have been damaged

Front 84

Chronic inflammation

Back 84

May develop following an acute episode of inflammation when the cause is not completely eradicated

Front 85

Treatment of inflammation

Back 85

acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

Reduces fever, anti inflammatory agent

Acetaminophen (decreases fever, does not diminish inflammatory response)

Front 86

NSAIDS

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Back 86

–Anti-inflammatory

–Analgesic

–Antipyretic

Front 87

•Glucocorticoids

Back 87

–Synthetic chemicals that arerelated to the naturally occurring glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone), hormonesproduced by the adrenal cortex

–Extremely valuable in short-termtreatment

•Many undesirable effects

Front 88

RICE (inflammation treatment)

Back 88

REST

ICE

COMPRESSION

ELEVATION

Front 89

wound healing

Back 89

Resolution

Regeneration

Replacement

Front 90

Resolution

Back 90

Occurs with minimal tissue damage

Cells recover and return to normal in a short period of time

Front 91

Regeneration

Back 91

Occurs in damaged tissue that can still undergo mitosis

Front 92

Replacement

Back 92

Occurs after extensive tissue damage

Front 93

Angiogenesis

Back 93

Granulation tissue grows new capillaries

Front 94

collagen

Back 94

The protein component of scar tissue. Formed when fibroblasts enter area

Front 95

stenosis

Back 95

Narrowing of structures

Front 96

Adhesions

Back 96

Bands of scar tissue that joint two surfaces

Front 97

keloid

Back 97

Overgrowth of fibrous tissue

Front 98

Burns

Back 98

Thermal (heat) or non thermal (electrical/chemical) injury to the body

Front 99

Most burns occur in the __________

Back 99

Home

Front 100

Burns are classified by

Back 100

Depth of skin damage

Percentage of body surfaces are involved

Front 101

Partial thickness

Back 101

Involves epidermis and part of the dermis

Superficial partial thickness

Deep partial thickness

Front 102

Full thickness

Back 102

Involves all skin layers and underlying tissues

Front 103

First degree burn

Back 103

Injuring on the epidermis

Red and painful

Healing in a few days

No scarring

Front 104

Second degree burn

Back 104

Destroys epidermis and some dermis

Easily infected

Skin gradually sloughs off and healing via regeneration

Front 105

Third/fourth degree burns

Back 105

Destroys all skin layers and underlying tissues

require skin graphs

Front 106

Rules of nines

Back 106

Estimation of affected BSA

Each region is a multiple of 9%

Back 107

Rule of nine

Front 108

A woman has burns on the anterior

surfaces of her right arm, chest& right

leg.

Back 108

Anterior surface of right arm = 4.5

Chest = 9

Anteriorright leg = 9

Percentage of body surface areaburned is approximately: 22.5%

Front 109

Shock

Back 109

Due to fluid and protein loss from burn wound

Front 110

infection

Back 110

Threat because protective skin barrier has been lost