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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The condition of the body related to the avialability and use of nutrients.
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Nutritional Status
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Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1˚C.
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calorie (gram calorie)
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Amount of heat needed to raise 1kg of water 1˚C.
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Kilocalorie (large calorie)
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The oxidation of proteins and carbohydrates yields how many calories?
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4 kcal/g
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The oxidation of fats yields how many calories?
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9 kcal/g
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The organized process through which nutrients are broken down, transformed or otherwise converted into cellular energy.
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metabolism
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Cells located everywhere in the body; responsible for uptake, synthesis, storage and mobilization of lipids. Stores 90% of body energy.
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Adipocytes
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These cells are fully differentiated (immature cells may divide postnatally), have a long life span, and vary in number among individuals.
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Adipocytes
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The lipid content of fat cells; contain no water; 3 molecules of fatty acid estericied to a glycerol molecule.
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Trigycerides
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Fat cells synthesize these cells from dietary fats and carbohydrates.
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trigylcerides
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This macromolecule is ingested in the diet, transported from the GI tract--> through the portal vein --> and to the liver before it gains access to the circulatory system.
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Glucose
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1. converted to fatty acids and stored in fat cells as trigylcerides
2. stored in the liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen |
Ways that excess glucose is stored.
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The breakdown of glycogen. Controlled by glucagon from the liver and epinephrine in muscle tissue.
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Glycogenolysis
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glucose absorbed from gut --> transported in portal circulation to --> liver (stored as glycogen/synthesized through gluconeogenesis) --> released into blood --> goes to 1.CNS(consumed), 2.skeletal muscle (consumed or stored as glycogen), 3.adipose tissue (stored as triglycerides)
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Regulation of blood glucose by the liver
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Synthesis of glucose by the liver from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. This glucose is either stored in the liver as glycogen or released into circulation.
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Glucogenesis (gluconeogenesis)
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What are the hormones that stimulate gluconeogenesis?
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glucagon
glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex thyroid hormone |
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Phase of metabolic storage and synthesis of cell consituents. It requires energy.
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Anabolism
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Breakdown of complex molecules into substances that can be used in the production of energy.
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Catabolism
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Why do humans require energy metabolism?
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Because humans cannot store energy in the form of heat. Metabolism allows cellular energy to be stored, then used by the body, and replenished.
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triglycerides with a complete lack of water
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anhydrous triglycerides
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Why do people lose weight quicker in the beginning of a fast/diet?
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Hydrous glycogen is burned first during rapid weight loss and a body loses water, which weighs alot. After a while the body converts to fat metabolism and slower weight loss since these molecules do not contain water ( makes them lighter).
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When lipases break triglycerides into 3 fatty acids and a glycerol.
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Fat catabolism
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These cause acidosis when present in large amounts.
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Ketones (ketoacidosis)
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Essential for the formation of all body structures - genes, enzymes, contractile structures in muscle, matrix of bone, hemoglobin, antibody function, fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrient transport.
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Proteins
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The building blocks of proteins.
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Amino Acids
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What happens to amino acids in excess of need for protein synthesis?
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They are converted to fatty acids, ketones, or glucose and are stored or used as metabolic fuel.
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Can fatty acids be converted to glucose?
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No - the body must break down amino acids to generate glucose if enough is not supplied by food intake.
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Breakdown of proteins to amino acids occurs primarily where?
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Liver
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What are the 4 categories of energy expenditure in the human body?
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1.basal metabolic rate (resting energy equivalent)
2.diet-induced thermogenesis 3.exercise-induced thermogenesis 4.thermogenesis in response to changes in environmental conditions |
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Chemical reactions occuring when body is at rest; necessary for maintaining normal body temp., cardiovascular and respiratory function, muscle tone, and other essential activities of tissues and cells in the resting body.
50-70% of energy requirement measure of exygen consumption at rest |
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) or Resting Energy Equivalent
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The energy used by the body for the digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food after its ingestion.
Accounts for 10% of total calories expended. |
Diet-induced thermogenesis
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Amount of energy expended for physical activity. Determined by type of activity performed, duration, and person's weight and physical fitness.
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Energy-induced thermogenesis
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This factor of exercise is a more significant aid to weight loss and maintenanc of weight loss.
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Duration not intensity.
Institute of Medicine recommends: 60 min of exercise/5X per week |
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When are energy requirements greater?
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during growth periods: at birth, adolescence, pregnancy & breast feeding.
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This disease is caused by lack of protein. "disease suffered by displaced child"
Edema, desquamating skin, enlarged abdomen, discolored hair, anorexia, apathy, skin lesions, enlarged liver, low CO, tachycardia. |
Kwashiorkor
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Composed primarily of triglycerides
can be: saturated (raises blood cholesterol), unsaturated & polyunsaturated (lowers blood cholesterol). They provide energy, function as carriers for fat-soluble vitamins, precursors of prostaglandins, and a source of fatty acids. |
Fats
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Lack of linoleic acid can cause this.
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Dermatitis
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Composed of simple sugars, complex carbohydrates, and undigested carbohydrate.
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Carbohydrates
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Lack of this results in loss of tissue proteins and the development of ketosis.
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Carbohydrates
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Group of organic compounds that act as catalysts; part of the enzyme systems required for the release of energy from protein, carbs, and fat. Also necessary for formation of RBCs, hormones, genetic materials, and the nervous system. 2 types - fat soluble and nonfat soluble. A deficiency of one of these will cause disease.
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Vitamins
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Compounds involved in acid-base balance and the maintenance of osmotic pressure. They are components of vitamins, hormones and enzymes. 2 kinds - macrominerals (present in large amounts) & trace minerals (small amounts).
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Minerals
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Undigestible portion of food. Increase stool bulk, binds with cholesterol and prevents absorption, lowers blood glucose.
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Fiber
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These measurements provide a means for assessing body composition, especially fat stores and skeletal muscle mass. Measure ht, wt, body circumference, and thickness of skinfolds.
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Anthropometric measurements
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A measurement of excess body fat.
weight in kg / (height in meters)squared |
Body Mass Index (BMI)
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A BMI of 30+
-coincides with lower incomes, minorities, less education -increased risk factor for disease |
obese
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A BMI of 25 - 30
55% of the US population and increasing risk factor for many diseases including obesity |
overweight
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BMI under 18.5
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underweight
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BMI of 18.5 - 25
lowest statistical health risk |
normal
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What causes obesity?
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Consuming more calories than can be burned.
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genotype
physiology metabolism environmental |
Factors contributing to obesity
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Determined by distribution of fat.
circumference of waist/circumference of hips women:>0.8 men:>1.0 associated with aging, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, and increased weight risk factor for: ischemic heart disease, stroke, death, cancer, hypertension, etc. |
Upper Body Obesity
aka central, abdominal, male |
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Peripheral, gluteal-femoral, female
not associated with CV disease varicose veins, mobility issues |
Lower Body Obesity
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This is the second leading cause of preventable death.
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Obesity as a disease.
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children
adolescents 25-50 years menopause 1st year after weight loss (genetic factor is moderate) |
Targets for prevention of Obesity
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dietary therapy
increase physical activity behavior therapy |
lifestyle modifications for Tx of obesity
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weight
risk factors motivation previous history weight management time & abilities |
Assessment for Obesity
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1. prevent additional weight gain
2. reduction in current weight 3. maintain the weight loss long-term |
Goals for Tx of obesity
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to decrease apetite
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focus of pharmacotherapy for Tx of obesity
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This does NOT necessarily effect:
metabolic chemistry central obesity CV risk factors future amounts of weight loss |
Weight Cycling
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Primary: lack of nutrition intake
Secondary: to disease that affects nutrition utilization |
Malnutrition or Starvation
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protein calorie malnutrition; leads to loss of muscle and fat.
Emaciated, hair loss and dull, low HR, low BP, low temp., wasted appearance, stunted growth |
Marasmus
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leads to decreased body size, edema, wasting of organ mass (advanced)
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Marasmus - Kwashiorkor
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lack of food intake
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starvation
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What is the order of sources for glucose?
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1.Blood
2.Liver 3.Muscles |
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trauma
sepsis cancer HIV-AIDs IBD protein loss due to body favoring catabolism over anabolism |
Illnesses that trigger malnutrition and wasting
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Increase fluid, electrolytes, calories, proteins, vitamins, minerals, but slowly to avoid strain on CV, kidneys, etc.
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Tx for Malnutrition
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Willful modification of food intake (restrict and binge).
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Eating Disorders
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weight preoccupation
excessive self-evaluation of weight/shape |
psychological aspects of eating disorders
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Lack of appetite with psychological basis.
- refuse to maintain a minimal weight for body - intense fear of weight gain or fat - disturbed perception of body size, shape, weight - amenorrhea in female mostly occurs in females 5-15% of males |
Anoexia Nervosa
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amenorrhea
loss of secondary sex characteristics bone loss at 6 months constipation cold-intolerance bradycardia hypotension decrease heart size ECG changes electrolyte imbalance skin with fine hair |
common symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
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Risk of death when body drops to 35-40% of normal body weight
Death caused by heart muscle degeneration and heart failure |
Death from Anorexia Nervosa
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at least 3 of the following:
eat rapidly eat until uncomfortably full eat large quantities when not hungry eat alone due to embarassment negative feelings are associated NOT accompanied by purging or other compensatory behaviors |
For diagnosis of Binge Eating
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recurrent binge eating
compensatory behaviors after the binge self-evaluation of body/shape/weight women>men |
Bulemia Nervosa
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dental disorders
electrolytes upper GI problems aspiration pneumonia weight fluctuations emotional problems |
complications of bulemia nervosa
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people are more accepting of Tx because they are upset by the behavior
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Bulemia Nervosa
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These are catecholamines and are major hormones secreted in sympathetic response to stressors.
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epinphrine and norepinephrine
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What secretes epinephrine?
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adrenal medulla
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What secretes norepinephrine?
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sympathetic nerve endings
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What is characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system response?
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increase in heart rate, airway diameter, blood glucose levels, and muscle tension
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What are 5 endocrine glands related to the stress reaction?
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pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, and pancreas
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What secretes corticotropin releasing hormone?
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hypothalamus
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What does corticotropin releasing hormone stimulate?
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anterior pituitary
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What does the anterior pituitary release when stimulated?
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ACTH - adrenal corticotropic hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone and others |
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What does the posterior pituitary release?
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ADH - antidiuretic hormone
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What does the pancreas secrete?
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Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta cells - insulin |
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What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
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aldosterone
cortisol |
