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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nervous system integrates all ____ and ____ functions to maintain homeostasis in the _____ environment.
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cell, tissue, internal
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Types of muscle function regulated by NS
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skeletal, cardic, visceral smooth
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The NS enables _____, _____ and _____ of sensory info.
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reception, integration and perception
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NS provides the substratum necessary for intelligence, _____ and ____.
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anticipation and judgment
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NS facilitates adjustment to an ever-changing ____ environment.
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external
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The NS is the material substrate for higher functions like
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thought, learning, memory
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3 categories of NS activity
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1. sensory: internal/external environment - AP
2. integrative - AP come together in the CNS where sensations are created, thoughts are produced, and memory is added - decision are made 3. motor- signals (AP) to effectors, (muscles, glands) |
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What are the 2 types of cells in the NS?
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neurons and supporting cells
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These are excitable cells that process and transmit electrical potentials, considered the functioning cell of NS
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neuron
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this is for protein synthesis, integrates the cell response
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cell body
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These are short branches that bring inf into the neuron
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dendrites
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This is the long projection that conducts the response of the cell to other structures innervated by this cell
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axon
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What myelinates axons in the CNS vs the PNS?
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CNS- oligodendrocyte
PNS- schwann cell |
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Nerves, both cranial and spinal, are found in ______. The are collections of individual axons of _____.
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periphery, neurons
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These nerves transmit info toward center - sensory
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afferent
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These nerves transmit info toward the periphery, effectors, motor nerves
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efferent
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These nerves contain both afferent and efferent neurons
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mixed
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How does myelination or no myelination affect nerve conduction?
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myelinated - action potential conducted very fast
unmyelinated- slow conduction |
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Nerves communicate through synapses with...
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neurons, muscle, other effectors
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These supporting cells protect the NS, supply metabolic support, participate in signaling between cells, help in their homeostasis
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glia
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These supporting cells contribute to the blood-brain barrier, help w transport between blood and neurons, give metabolic support to neurons
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astrocytes
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These supporting cells form the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers
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oligodendrocytes
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These supporting cells are phagocytic, survey the brain for foreign substances, debris, apoptotic cells, bacteria, viruses, amyloid plaques, etc
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microglia
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This is the only means of communication in the organism
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action potential
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This creates a resting membrane potential
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Na-K ATPase
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The voltage gated channels in the cell membrane open when
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the voltage changes
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During depolarization, the fast _____ channel opens and _____ enter in the neuron causing the action potential which propagates.
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sodium, sodium
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During repolarization, this channel closes and the ____ channel opens allowing ______ to get out of the cell returning the potential to the resting level.
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potassium, potassium
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Action potential lasts for a few...
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milliseconds
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This consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and vertebral column; concentration of computational and control functions
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central nervous system
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This is found outside the structures of the CNS, functions as an input-output system for relaying info to the CNS and transmitting output messages to control effector organs
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Peripheral nervous system
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Embryonic development of the NS starts early (2nd-3rd wk) because
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it helps w the development of other organs
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Embryonic NS has _____ organization which is maintained throughout life
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segmental
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This is the first structure to form from the ectoderm, and folds to form the neural tube
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ectoderm
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The first ten segments of the neural tube enlarge to form
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th brain
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Neural tube cells called ____ migrate to form the PNS.
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neural crest
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The central canal evolves forming the _____ space with its ventricles.
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cerebrospinal
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The 3 parts of the brain structure are
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hindbrain (Brainstem), midbrain, forebrain
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This part of the brain includes the medulla oblongata, the pons and the cerebellum.
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hindbrain
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This is the earliest evolultionary part of our brain
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hindbrain
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This part of the brain controls basic functions: resp, cardiac, and vasomotor centers are here
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hindbrain
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This part of the brain is essential in controlling voluntary mvmt and muscle tonus, and contains cranial nerves 5-12
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hindbrain
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This part of the brain includes 2 pairs of dorsal enlargements, the superior and inferior colliculi
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midbrain
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This part of the brain deals w reflexes initiated by audio-visual clues, and includes cranial nerves 3-4
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midbrain
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This part of the brain consists of diencephalon and 2 hemispheres covered by the cerebral cortex
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forebrain
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This part of the diencephalon relays most sensory info
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thalamus
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This part of the diencephalon is vital in the maintenance of homeostasis (water balance, food intake, temp regulation, etc)
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hypothalamus
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This part of the diencephalon is composed of gray mater deep in the brain; deals w posture, movement, muscle tone, and is damanged in parkinsons
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basal ganglia
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This cerebral hemisphere extends from the frontal pole to the central sulcus (fissure) and is separated from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus
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frontal lobe
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This cerebral hemisphere is involved in higher functions like memory, planning for future events, cognition based on past experiences, attention, and comprehension
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frontal lobe
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This part of the frontal lobe deals w planning and execution of voluntary mvmt
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primary and associative motor cortex
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This part of the cerebrum lies behind the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus) and above the lateral sulcus; it is involved in integration of sensory info, coordination of eye mvmt, recognition of objects and numbers, speech and math; includes primary and associative sensory cortex
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parietal lobe
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This part of the cerebrum lies below the lateral sulcus and merges w the parietal and occipital lobes
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temporal lobe
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This part of the cerebrum is involved in sound perception, includes the primary auditory cortex, and is important in long term memory
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termporal lobe
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The ____ temporal lobe specializes in speech. The _____ area is key (in tandem w broca's area). It is also important in comprehension, verbal memory and other language functions.
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left, wernicke
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This is the smallest lobe in the cerebrum, and lies posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes and is arbitrarily separated from them
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occipital lobe
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This occipital lobe holds the primary visual cortex situated in ________, and is important for visual processing.
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fissura calcarinea
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The ______ cortex helps w perception of color, motion, form, location in space, depth.
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associative visual
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This brain structure lies in the medial aspect of the hemispheres and deals w emotions and emotion-related behavior
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limbic system
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what are the components of the limbic system?
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amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, limbic cortex
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This part of limbic system is responsible for emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and memory
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amygdala
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This part of the limbic system is involved w emotions and suppression of aggressive behavior
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cingulate gyrus
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This part of the limbic system deals w memory formation, storage, and its utilzation at a later time
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hippocampus
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This part of the limbic system controls autonomic and endocrine systems
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hypothalamus
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This part of the limbic system holds cranial nerve 1 - olfactory
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limbic cortex
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____ matter is on outside of cerebrum and _____ matter is on inside of cerebrum.
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gray, white
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The spinal cord runs from the base of the skull to ____
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L1-L2
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Which is shorter, the spinal cord or canal?
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cord is shorter
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This is a collection of spinal nerves that travel down the spinal canal below the termination of the spinal cord
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cauda equina
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What are the 3 main functions of the cauda equina
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1. pathway for motor info that travels from brain to muscles
2. pathway for sensory info that passes from periphery to brain 3. center for coordination of basic reflexes (urination, defecation, sexual) |
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_____ organization describes the 32 pairs of spinal nerves that innervate their corresponding parts in the body
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segmental
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_____ matter in the center (Cell bodies) of the spinal cord and ______ matter in the periphery (axons) connect different parts of the NS.
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gray, white
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This part of the spinal cord is an accumulation of cell bodies that form an H
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gray matter
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This part of the spinal cord contains neurons that receive afferent impulses through the _____ roots
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dorsal horns, dorsal roots
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This part of the spinal cord contains neurons and the efferent lower motor neurons that leave the cord through the _____ roots.
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ventral horns, ventral roots
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This law states that afferent/dorsal/posterior is sensory and efferent/ventral/anterior motor
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Bell-Magendie Law
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This part of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated axons that are traveling up the cord to the brain (sensory) or down the cord from the brain (motor).
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white matter
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What protects the spinal cord?
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vertebral column
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Axons in white matter are organized into
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tracts/bundles
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Within a tract/bundle, axons have a common...
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function, origin or destination
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Tracts are named mainly to reflect their
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origin or destination (corticospinal or spinocerebelar)
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How is nerve damage compensated in the cord?
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segments of the cord communicate with each other so damage of one erve can be compensated for by neighboring ones
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____ system is a net of neurons
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reticular
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How is nerve damage compensated in the cord?
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segments of the cord communicate with each other so damage of one erve can be compensated for by neighboring ones
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Vital reflex centers are contained in the
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brain stem
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____ system is a net of neurons
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reticular
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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32
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Vital reflex centers are contained in the
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brain stem
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What carries info to and from the spinal cord and connects each spinal cord segment w its corresponding body segment?
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spinal nerves
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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32
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What carries info to and from the spinal cord and connects each spinal cord segment w its corresponding body segment?
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spinal nerves
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Both ___ and ____ fibers fuse to form the mixed spinal nerves.
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sensory and motor
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Some distance from the cord 4 major plexuses are formed: _______ -- from these plexuses they go to their corresponding part of body
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cervical
brachial lumbar sacral |
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_____ carry info from body to spinal cord
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dorsal fibers
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______ carry info from spinal cord to muscles
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ventral fibers
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_____ consists mostly of cell bodies
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gray matter
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_____ is arranged in dorsal tracts and ventral tracts
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white matter
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This connective tissue protects the CNS
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meninges
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This is the innermost layer of meninges, intimately attached to brain tissue and contains blood vessels
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pia mater
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This layer of the meninges has a spider-web appearance, contains CSF, and villi absorb CSF in the venous circulation
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arachnoidea
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This layer of meninges has a tough fibrotic layer, and is main protective layer of brain
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dura mater
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What is the function of the sensory component of the NS?
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provides a continuous stream of info about the body, outside environment, and their interaction
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This provides info about body sensation like limb position in space, touch, temp and pain
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somatosensory
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This provides sense of vision, smell, hearing
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special senses
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In this system, the sensory receptors consist of discrete nerve endings in the skin and other body tissues
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somatosensory
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This type of touch is for location, sharp, dull, soft, fuzzy, scratchy
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discriminative
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This type of sensation is for hot, warm, cool, cold
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temp sensation
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This type of sensation is for extension, flexion, balance
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body position
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This type fo sensation is for sharp, dull, pain, stabbing, aching, burning
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nociception
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This is the cell body, its peripheral branch w area that innervates and the central axon
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sensory unit
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This retains the same segmental pattern of embryonic development
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somatosensory
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These segments are innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves, they overlap so damage to one dorsal root does not cause total loss of sensation
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dermatome
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This type of pain is a function of overlapping dermatomes
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referred pain
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These neurons transmit sensory info from the periphery to the spinal cord
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first order
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These neurons relay sensory info up the spinal cord to the thalamus
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second order
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These neurons relay info from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
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third order
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These pathways cross at the level of the spinal cord where it originates, and provide for transmission of sensory info that does not require discrete localization of signal source or fine discrimination of intensity
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anterolateral pathways/spinothalamic tracts
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This pathway crosses at base of medulla, relays info to the brain for perception, arousal, spatial orientation of body, and contains quick fibers w speed 120 m/sec
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discriminative pathway
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homunculus
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diagram that describes what part of the cortex responds to sensation of diff areas of the body
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These motor neurons have nerve cell bodies that are pyramid shaped and located in the motor cortex; myelinated axons pass down through the brain in a bunder called internal capsule, and in brainstem axons ross to opposite side at decussation of the pyramids; the axons then continue down the ventral lateral spinal cord, and individual axons peel off from the rest at particular levels and then synapse w lower motor neurons
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upper motor neurons, also called corticospinal/ pyramidal tract
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These motor neurons project from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle
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lower motor neurons
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In these tracts, the nerve cell bodies originate in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum and send axons to the thalamus, basal ganglia, and reticular formation to synapse w other neurons
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extrapyramidal tracts
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In these tracts, additional synapses may be present in the midbrain and pons, and the neurons do not cross over in the pyramids
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extrapyramidal tracts
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What are some disorders of upper motor neurons
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stroke, spinal cord injury
will cause spasticity and paralysis |
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What are some disorders of the lower motor neurons
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peripheral neuropathy
cause flaccid paralysis |
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Give an example of a disease that damages the extrapyramidal tract
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parkinsons, causes rigidity, involuntary movements but not paralysis
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What are the lower motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates called
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the motor unit
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In large muscles motor units have ____ muscle cells
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thousands of
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In muscles that control fine voluntary movements (tongue, fingers, larynx), the motor unit has ____ muscle cells.
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few
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This site seves as a synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
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NM junction
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This site consists of the axon terminals of a motor neuron and a specialized region of hte muscle membrane called the endplate
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NM junction
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At the NM junction, the transmission of impulses is mediated by the release of this neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
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ACh
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______ causes the release of ACh in the synaptic cleft
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action potential
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_____ binds to receptors in the endplate, opens fast ____ channels, causing depolarization of the end plate.
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ACh, sodium
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Depolarization spreads through teh entire muscle causing ____ ions to be released in the cytoplasm
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Ca
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What breaks down ACh
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ACh esterase
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Where are upper motor neuron lesions
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fully contained in the CNS, can involve the motor cortex, the internal capsule, or other brain structures through which the corticospinal or corticobulbar tracts descend, and/or spinal cord
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This disease involves an immune mediated demyelination of the CNS, is the most common non-trauma cause of neuro disability in young/middle aged people, onset betwen 20-40
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MS
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MS affects this gender more, ______, and in this geographic region it is more common.
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women 2x as much as men, colder northern latitudes
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If you have a familial predisposition to MS, you are ____ x more likely to have the disease w a first degree relative.
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15
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Demyelination of nerve fibers occurs here in the CNS
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white matter
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This area is formed by oligodendrocytes, has high electrical resistance and low capacitance, and functions as electrical insulation
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myelin sheath
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This area has conduction abnormalities, decreased conduction velocities, and conduction blocks, which leads to a variety of symptoms depending on location and duration of lesion
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demyelinated fibers
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Autoimmune disease of myelination is a combo of
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genetic (MHC genes in ch. 6), environmental (cold climate, lack of Vit D, smoking, solvents), and infection (herpes, Epstein Barr)
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This is hard, demyelinated or sclerotic patches macroscopically visible in white matter of CNS
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lesions
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This represents an acute myelin breakdown
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lesion/plaque
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What types of molecules/cells do lesions contain?
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proteins, proteolytic enzymes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
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These lesions are sequential in development of small inflammatory lesions
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first stage
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In this stage, lesions extend, consolidate, resulting in demyelination and gliosis
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second stage
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When can remyelination occur in a lesion?
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if process that initiated demyelination is halted before oligodendrocyte dies
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MS symptoms depend on
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location and extent of lesion
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How does MS present
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otherwise healthy person w acute episode of paresthesias, optic neuritis, diplopia, other specific gaze paralysis
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MS has a _____ time course, and after a period of normal function, new symptoms appear. Psych manifestations include...
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variable,
depression, euphoria, apathy, memory loss |
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MS s/s
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fatigue, cognitive impairment, depr, unstable mood, nystagmus, diplopia, optic neuritis, dysarthria, dysphagia, weakness, spasms, ataxia, pain, hypo/paraesthesias, incont of B/B, frequency/retention/diarrhea/constipation
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These lesions disrupt communication from spinal cord to muscle
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lower motor neuron lesions
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This is an autoimmune disorder sparked by viral infections, such as campylobacter jejuni, CMV, Epstein barr)
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guillain barre syndrome
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This disorder is manifested w progressive, ascending, symmetric paralysis assoc w numbness. May involve ANS w postural hypotension, arrhythmias, urinary retention. Also pain in shoulder and back
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Guillain Barre syndrome
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If Guillain barre involves resp muscles, it can cause ____, requiring intubation
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resp failure
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Guillain barre syndrome may have spontaneous recovery in _____ months, and can be treated w...
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6-12 months,
immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis |
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These disorders occur in deep, interrelated subcortical nuclei and play an essential role in control of mvmt.
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disorders of basal ganglia
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This area receives indirect input from cerebellum and all sensory systems, including vision, and direct input from motor cortex. Its functions are organization of inherited and learned rather than automatic movement programs, and is also involved in cognitive and perception functions
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basal ganglia
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This is a degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia that results in tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. It involves a progressive destruction of nigrostriatal pathway, subsequent reduction in striatal concentrations of dopamine
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parkinsons
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This term is used to describe a clinical syndrome arising from degenerative changes in basal ganglia
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parkinsonian
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In this type of parkinsonism, there is dopamine depletion from degeneration of dopamine nigrostriatal system
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idiopathic parkinsonism
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This is a post-encephalitic syndrome that may be a side effect of antipsych meds or CO poisoning
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parkinsonian
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Parkinsonism may be seen in these neuro diseases
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cerebral vascular disease, brain tumors, repeated head injury, degen. diseases
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What is the tremor pattern in parkinsons
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first unilateral then bilateral
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Manifestations of parkinsons
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rigidity w flexion contractures, bradykinesia (falls and disability), loss of emotional and voluntary facial expressions (mask face, drooling), ANS disorders (sweating, salivation, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, impotence, urine retention), cognitive disorders (problem solving, multi tasking, planning, mem loss, spatial orientation causing frequent falls
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causes of brain injury
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trauma, tumor, stroke, metabolic derangement, degen disorders
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what are the common pathways of brain damage
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ischemia, excitatory amino acid injury, cerebral edema, ICP increase
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The brain makes up __% of body weight and receives ____% of CO and accounts for ____20% of O2 consumption.
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2%, 15%, 20%
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This is a deprivation of O2 w maintained blood flow, failure to oxygenate blood
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hypoxia
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This is a greatly reduced or interrupted blood flow which reduces delivery of o2 and glucose as well as removal of metabolic waste (such as local stroke or global cardiac arrest)
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ischemia
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Brain is very vulnerable to lack of blood flow, and interruption will cause depletion of O2 in _____, depletion of gluocse in _____, and depletion of ATP in _____.
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10 seconds 02
2-4 min glucose 5 min ATP |
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What is most of ATP in neurons used for
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maintains function of Na-K ATPase
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influx of ___ and ___ will cause intracellular edem aand cell injury
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Na and Ca
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How do you treat global ischemia?
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varies w cause -- restore blood flow, reverse hypoxemia, decr brain requirements w hypothermia
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How does injury from excitatory amino acids occur?
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caused by overstim. of receptors from amino acids that are excitatory NTs -- particularly glutamate
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Causes of excitatory amino acid brain injury
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stroke, hypoglycemia, trauma, chronic degen d/o (huntingtons, alzheimers)
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Glutamate acts on the ___ receptor, opening ____ channels.
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NMDA receptor, Ca
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The calcium cascade causes...
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release of intracellular enzymes, protein breakdown, free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, fragmentation of DNA, nuclear breakdown
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The cranial vault should have an ICP between, and contains these 3 componenents:
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0-15,
brain tissue, blood, CSF |
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What does ICP increase do?
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obstructs blood flow, can cause herniation and kill neurons
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3 mechanisms of ICP increase
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brain tumor increases mass, vasodilation/obstruction of flow incr amt of blood, overproduction or obstruction of CSF circulation causes incr ICP/hydrocephalus
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CPP=
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MAP-ICP
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Normal CPP=
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70-100
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Increase in ICP or decrease in MAP leads to
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brain perfusion impairment
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Incr ICP causes this cushings triad
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HTN, wide PP, bradycardia
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Treatment for Incr ICP
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monitor ICP, hyperventilation, craniotomy, maintain high MAP, osmotic diuresis
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This type of cerebral edema occurs w conditions that impair function of blood-brain barrier and allows transfer of water and protein from the vasculature into the interstitial space, mainly white matter
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vasogenic edema
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Treatment for Incr ICP
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monitor ICP, hyperventilation, craniotomy, maintain high MAP, osmotic diuresis
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This type of cerebral edema occurs w conditions that impair function of blood-brain barrier and allows transfer of water and protein from the vasculature into the interstitial space, mainly white matter
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vasogenic edema
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causes of vasogenic edema
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tumors, ischemia, injury, stroke
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causes of vasogenic edema
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tumors, ischemia, injury, stroke
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This type of cerebral edema involves incr in intracellular fluid due to hypo-osmotic states or ischemia -- lack of ATP will impair Na-K ATP-ase, sodium in cells is followed by water
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cytotoxic edema
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This type of cerebral edema involves incr in intracellular fluid due to hypo-osmotic states or ischemia -- lack of ATP will impair Na-K ATP-ase, sodium in cells is followed by water
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cytotoxic edema
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What are the manifestations of brain injury
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alterations in sensory and motor fcn, changes in LOC, s/s progress in rostral to caudal direction
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What are the manifestations of brain injury
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alterations in sensory and motor fcn, changes in LOC, s/s progress in rostral to caudal direction
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If this part of the brain is injured, it will manifest with: impaired consciousness, small reactive pupils, decorticate post, cheyne-stokes resp
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diencephalon
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If this part of the brain is injured, it will manifest with: coma, fixed pupils, neurogenic hypervent, decerebrate post
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midbrain
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If this part of the brain is injured, it will manifest with: coma, fixed pupils, loss of corneal reflex, hemiparesis, decerebrate post
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pons
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If this part of the brain is injured, it will manifest with: coma, fixed pupils, flaccidity, loss of gag and cough reflex, ataxic resp
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medulla
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What structures supply blood to brain
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2 internal carotids anteriorly, vertebral arteries posteriorly
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How much blood flow does brain get/min?
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750 mL/min
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This mechanism maintains constant blood flow despite wide fluctuation of MAP 60-140
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autoregulation
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These factors respond to metabolic needs of the brain (3)
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1. CO2 - hypercapnia causes vasodilation
2. H+ -acidosis causes vasodilation 3. O2 -hypoxia causes vasodilation |
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When BP is too high and autoreg fails...
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SNS constricts large and medium blood vessels to protect smaller delicate ones
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This is a syndrome of acute focal deficit due to a decr of blood supply to a part of brain
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stroke
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This type of stroke occurs when interruption of blood flow occurs in cerebral vessels, 70-80% of strokes
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ischemic
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This type of stroke occurs from bleeding into brain tissue, usually from blood vessel rupture r/t HTN, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, head injury, or blood dyscrasias
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hemorrhagic
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Risk factors for stroke
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age, sex, race
fam history HTN smoking, DM asymptomatic carotid stenosis sickle cell hyperlipidemia a fib |
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This is a stroke w a central core of dying cells, surrounded by ischemic band (penumbra), and goal is to save penumbra cells
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ischemic penumbra in evolving stroke
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This type of stroke has focal ischemic neuro deficits (1-2 hrs), contains a zone of penumbra without necrotic cells, and warn of impending stroke
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TIA
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This type of stroke involves thrombi from atherosclerotic vessels
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large vessel thrombotic stroke
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This type of stroke involves small, deep noncortical vessels
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small vessel lacunar stroke
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This type of stroke involves a traveling clot, most commonly in middle cerebral artery
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cardiogenic embolic stroke
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Recommendations for EMS stroke mgmt
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ABCs, cardiac monitoring, IV access, O2, assess for hypoglycemia, NPO, consult ED, rapid transport to stroke center
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Not recommended for EMS stroke mgmt
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dextrose containing fluid in absence of hypoglycemia, hypotension, excessive IVF
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This type of stroke involves thrombi from atherosclerotic vessels
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large vessel thrombotic stroke
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This type of stroke involves small, deep noncortical vessels
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small vessel lacunar stroke
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This type of stroke involves a traveling clot, most commonly in middle cerebral artery
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cardiogenic embolic stroke
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Recommendations for EMS stroke mgmt
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ABCs, cardiac monitoring, IV access, O2, assess for hypoglycemia, NPO, consult ED, rapid transport to stroke center
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Not recommended for EMS stroke mgmt
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dextrose containing fluid in absence of hypoglycemia, hypotension, excessive IVF
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Golder Hour Guidelines for Stroke patients
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ABCs, fibrinolytic therapy within 1 hr of presentation
door to doctor 10 min neuro expert in 15 min CT completion in 25 min CT interpretation in 45 min door to treatment 60 min admission to monitored bed within 3 hrs |
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This type of stroke is frequently fatal, with risk factors such as advancing age, HTN, aneurysms, AV malformations, trauma, anticoagulant drugs
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hemorrhagic stroke
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In hemorrhagic stroke, onset is...
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sudden, usualy during activity
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s/s of hemorrhagic stroke
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vomiting, headache, progression of symptoms (flaccidity--> spasticity --> coma)
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How does hemorrhagic stroke progress to death?
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bleeding --> edema --> incr pressure on brain --> herniation --> death
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What determines a hemorrhagic stroke?
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cerebral artery affected, area of brain tissue supplied by that vessel, and adequacy of collateral circulation
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symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke are ALWAYS:
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sudden, focal, one-sided
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most common symptoms fo hemorrhagic stroke:
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weakness of face, arm, leg, unilateral numbness and vision loss, aphasia, dysarthria, ataxia
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Motor deficits of stroke are common, manifesting w
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initial weakness then spastic paralysis,
contracture, babinski +, facial droop |
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This is a disorder of the muscles that articulate speech in stroke
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dysarthria
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This is a disorder of comprehension and/or expression
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aphasia
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What is the difference between receptive and expressive aphasia?
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receptive- cant comprehend
expressive- cant form meaningful speech |
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What are the cognitive deficits of stroke?
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neglect (inability to react to stimuli on affected side), memory loss, visual impairment, change in personality
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Alzheimers is progressive and unrelenting, is (curable/incurable), and (has/doesn't have) therapeutic options to relieve symptoms
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incurable, doesn't have
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What populations are more likely to develop alzheimers?
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blacks, hispanics
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This is an alzhemiers sign of clusters of damaged neurons w a core of amyloid beta
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amyloid plaques
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This is an alzheimers sign with fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm of the neurons
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neurofibrillary tangles
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This is an alzheimers sign with a decrease in neurotransmitter in the cortex, proportional to memory loss and severity
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ACh decrease
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Risk factors for alzheimers
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heredity, head trauma, inflammation, low education
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Progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, impaired judgment and decision making ability, difficulty orienting to physical surroundings, and language problems are all clinical hallmarks of
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alzheimers
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This stage of alzheimers lasts 2-4 yrs, has short term memory loss and personality changes (social withdrawal, loss of sense of humor)
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stage 1
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this stage of alzheimers is called the "confusional stage" and lasts several years. It involves confusion, disorientation, inability to complete ADLs, restlessness, irritability, aggression, unable to live alone, and sundowning
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stage 2
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This stage of alzheimers is called the "Terminal stage" and involves emaciation, incontinence, usually institutionalized, and bedridden
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stage 3
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