Patho - Module 9 Part 1

Front 1

What are the 2 most important functions of blood?

Back 1

transport oxygen & cell waste

Front 2

What other things does blood transport?

Back 2

glucose

nutrients

hormones

electrolytes

Front 3

2 other functions of blood:

Back 3

-defense mechanism (WBCs/Igs)

-promotes homeostasis (core heat/BP/clotting factors/buffer system)

Front 4

Components of whole blood:

Back 4

-hematocrit (RBCs)

-fibrinogen

-albumin, IgG/IgM, electrolytes

Front 5

What components of blood remain after RBCs are stripped?

And what is the term for this portion of the blood?

Back 5

-fibrinogen & albumin, IgG/IgM, electrolytes

-Plasma

Front 6

What is the term for JUST the albumin, IgG/IgM, electrolyte component of blood? This is when the RBCs and fibrinogen are stripped.

Back 6

Serum

Front 7

What does increased Hct indicate? And what does the blood look like?

Back 7

-dehydration / elevated RBCs

-blood is dark/thick

-high viscosity

Front 8

What does high blood viscosity cause?

Back 8

Increased cardiac workload

Front 9

What does decreased Hct indicate? And what does the blood look like?

Back 9

-blood loss / anemia / blood dilution

-blood is light

-low viscosity

Front 10

What is the standard relationship of Hct to Hgb?

Back 10

Hct = approx 3x(Hgb)

Front 11

What are characteristics of RBCs?

Back 11

-biconcave, flexible discs with thin center

-non-nucleated

-contain Hgb (Iron & Globin)

Front 12

What is erythropoeitin?

Back 12

hormone released by kidneys to stimulate RBC production in bone marrow

Front 13

What is the lifespan of a normal RBC?

Back 13

120 days

Front 14

What happens when RBCs are broken down?

Back 14

-broken into heme + globin unit

-Iron is recycled

-leftover heme becomes bilirubin (waste)

Front 15

How is bilirubin excreted?

Back 15

conjugated with glucuronide in liver and excreted in bile

Front 16

What are the 4 globin units in Hemoglobin (Hgb)?

Back 16

alpha-1

alpha-2

beta-1

beta-2

Front 17

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Back 17

-oxygen rich RBCs in arterial system

-this transports oxygen

Front 18

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Back 18

-oxygen reduced RBCs in venous system

-this transports CO2

Front 19

How does the acid/base buffer system affect Hgb?

Back 19

-acidosis favors O2 release and CO2 binding to heme group

-alkalosis favors CO2 release and O2 binding to heme group

Front 20

What can a pile up of unconjugated bilirubin cause?

Back 20

-jaundice

-pruritis

-icteric sclera

Front 21

What are the steps of Hgb destruction?

Back 21

-hemolysis of RBC

-hemoglobin broken into heme + globin

(globin amino acids recycled)

-heme broken down into:

iron + (unconjugated) bilirubin

(iron recycled)

-bilirubin becomes conjugated in liver & excreted in bile

Front 22

What is the normal percentage of leukocytes (WBCs) in blood?

Back 22

1%

Front 23

What is leukopoiesis?

Back 23

production of WBCs

Front 24

What stimulates leukopoiesis?

Back 24

colony-stimulating factor

Front 25

What releases colony-stimulating factor?

Back 25

macrophages & T-cells

Front 26

2 types of WBCs:

Back 26

-granulocytes

-agranulocytes

Front 27

3 types of granulocytes:

Back 27

-neutrophils

-basophils

-eosinophils

Front 28

2 types of agranulocytes:

Back 28

-lymphocytes (T & B)

-monocytes

Front 29

What is the normal WBC count:

Back 29

about 10,000

Front 30

Which granulocyte is most abundant in blood?

Back 30

neutrophil

Front 31

Which granulocyte is first to respond to tissue damage?

Back 31

neutrophil

Front 32

What is an immature neutrophil called?

Back 32

band or stab

Front 33

What does an increase in neutrophils indicate?

Back 33

left shift

bacterial infection

Front 34

Which granulocyte migrates into tissue to become a mast cell?

Back 34

basophil

Front 35

Which granulocyte releases histamines and heparin and is involved in vasodilation?

Back 35

basophil

Front 36

Which granulocyte is involved in a type I allergic response and the activation of IgE?

Back 36

eosinophil

Front 37

Which agranulocyte migrates into tissue to become a macrophage?

Back 37

monocyte

Front 38

What does an increase in lymphocytes indicate?

Back 38

right shift

viral or fungal infection

Front 39

The cell-mediated lymphocytes:

Back 39

T-cells

Front 40

The humoral lymphocytes:

Back 40

B-cells

Front 41

What do "bands/stabs" in blood indicate?

Back 41

bandemia (bone marrow can't keep up with demand)

-increased neutrophils / left shift / bacterial infection

Front 42

What is a WBC Differential?

Back 42

indicates % of each type of WBC in blood

Front 43

What do stem cells do?

Back 43

they differentiate into different types of WBCs based on need

Front 44

What is the normal percentage of neutrophils in blood?

Back 44

50-60%

Front 45

What is the normal percentage of lymphocytes in blood?

Back 45

30-40%

Front 46

Another name for platelets (Plt):

Back 46

thrombocytes

Front 47

What are platelets?

Back 47

non-nucleated fragments from megakaryoblast in bone marrow

*THEY ARE NOT CELLS

Front 48

What component of blood is essential clotting process?

Back 48

platelets

"roof shingles"

Front 49

What does hemostasis mean?

Back 49

stopping of bleeding

Front 50

What initiates the coagulation cascade?

Back 50

tissue damage

Front 51

What happens during coagulation?

Back 51

inactive prothrombin and fibrinogen, combined with platelets and RBCs activate clotting cascade

Front 52

What activates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Back 52

endothelial injury in blood vessel

Front 53

What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Back 53

tissue and platelet injury

Front 54

What disease state has a deficiency in Factor 8?

Back 54

Hemophilia A

Front 55

Where do prothrombin and fibrinogen come from?

Back 55

the liver

Front 56

What vitamin is required to convert prothrombin to thrombin?

Back 56

vitamin K

Front 57

If the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is blocked in the intrinsic pathway, what does this mean?

Back 57

there is an increase in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Front 58

If the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is blocked in the extrinsic pathway, what does this mean?

Back 58

Vitamin K is blocked and there is an increase in PT/INR

Front 59

What drug is a Vitamin K antagonist?

Back 59

warfarin (Coumadin)

Front 60

What is PT/INR?

Back 60

the time it takes for prothrombin to turn into thrombin

Front 61

What does INR stand for?

Back 61

International Normal Ratio

Normal = 1.0

Front 62

What drug affects the intrinsic pathway?

Back 62

heparin

Front 63

Which pathway is the shortest for clot formation?

Back 63

Extrinsic

Front 64

In the Coagulation Cascade, Prothrombin is converted to:

Back 64

Thrombin

Front 65

In the Coagulation Cascade, Fibrinogen is converted to:

Back 65

Fibrin

Front 66

What electrolyte is essential for the Coagulation Cascade to occur?

Back 66

Calcium!

Front 67

Illustration of a blood clot:

-thrombin

-fibrin

-platelets

-RBCs

Back 67

Thrombin = the "tar"

Fibrin = the "netting"

Platelets = the "shingles"

RBCs = the "cushions"

Front 68

What factors circulate in order to prevent inappropriate clot formation?

Back 68

anti-thrombotic factors

Front 69

What are 3 types of anti-thrombotic factors?

Back 69

-anti-thrombin III

-prostaglandins

-heparin

Front 70

What does anti-thrombin III do?

Back 70

blocks the effects of thrombin

Front 71

What do prostaglandins do?

Back 71

inhibit platelet aggregation

Front 72

What does heparin do?

Back 72

prevents thrombin and fibrin activation

Front 73

Type A blood contains which type of antigens and which type of antibodies?

What blood type can Type A receive?

Back 73

A-antigens with

Anti-B antibodies

Can receive A or O

Front 74

Type B blood contains which type of antigens and which type of antibodies?

What blood type can Type B receive?

Back 74

B-antigens with

Anti-A antibodies

Can receive B or O

Front 75

Type AB blood contains which type of antigens and which type of antibodies?

What blood type can Type AB receive?

Back 75

BOTH A & B antigens with

Neither A nor B antibodies

Can receive A, B or O (Universal Recipient)

Front 76

Type O blood contains which type of antigens and which type of antibodies?

What blood type can Type O receive?

Back 76

Neither A or B antigens (Universal Donor) with

BOTH Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Can only receive O

Front 77

Which type of blood contains Rh antigens without Rh antibodies?

What type of blood can this person receive?

Back 77

Rh(+)

Can receive Rh(+) or Rh(-)

Front 78

Which type of blood does not contain Rh antigens and does contain Rh antibodies?

What type of blood can this person receive?

Back 78

Rh(-)

Can only receive Rh(-) blood

Front 79

What does PRBC stand for?

Back 79

Packed Red Blood Cells

Front 80

What are Packed Platelets used to treat?

Back 80

thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders

Front 81

What does FFP stand for?

Back 81

Fresh Frozen Plasma

Front 82

What is Epoetin afla and what does it do?

Back 82

Subcut form of erythropoeitin

-stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

Front 83

When are bone marrow or stem cell transplants used?

Back 83

in severe immunodeficiencies or pancytopenia

Front 84

What percentage of interstitial fluid is leftover in the "gutter" of lymphatic vessels and gets returned to blood?

Back 84

1-2%

Front 85

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Back 85

-vessels

-nodes

-lymphoid tonsils

-thymus

-spleen

-bone marrow

Front 86

What does a lymph blockage cause?

Back 86

peripheral edema

Front 87

What do nodes help determine?

Back 87

the spread and prognosis of cancer