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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Varicose veins |
Pooling of blood in lower veins due to decreased activity of the muscle pump. |
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CVI |
chronic venous insufficiency Venous walls or valves don't work well Inadequate venous return |
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Venous stasis ulcer |
External ulcers caused by CVI Exercise and compression helps prevent |
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Thrombus |
Blood clot that is attached to the vessel wall |
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Embolus |
Clot that is NOT attached to a vessel wall Acts like a missile in the blood stream Fat, air, the tip of an IV catheter can also become an embolus |
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Thromboembolus |
A thrombus that detaches |
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DVT |
Deep vein thrombus |
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DVT causes |
Virchows triad |
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DVT patho |
Clot forms in a vein Can completely obstruct flow Can embolize |
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Manifestations of DVT |
Edema Pain |
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DVT prevention |
SCIDs (compression leg devices) Anticoagulants |
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DVT patients are at high risk for |
Pulmonary embolism If a DVT goes undetected it can embolize and travel to the lungs |
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SVCS |
superior vena cava syndrome |
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SVCS causes |
Anything that causes compression and obstruction of the superior vena cava Lung cancer Lymphoma Venous catheters Lymphadenopathy |
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Manifestations of SVCS |
Edema in: Arms Face Neck Cerebrum |
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Primary hypertension |
95% of hypertension Idiopathic, no one single cause can be identified Genes and environment |
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Secondary hypertension |
5% Cause is identifiable |
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Hypertension risk factors |
Smoking Obesity Black race Glucose intolerance |
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Two primary causes of hypertension |
Increase blood volume Increase peripheral resistance |
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Target organs hypertension |
Heart eyes brain kidneys |
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role of SNS in hypertension |
Overactivity of SNS can result from increased production of catecholamines |
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Role of RAA system in hypertension |
Dysfunction can lead to salt retention and increased peripheral resistance |
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Angiotensin has what affect on hypertention |
It is a very strong vasoconstrictor, increases peripheral resistance |
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How does aldosterone affect hypertension |
Promotes water and sodium retention which increases blood volume |
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4 natriuretic hormones |
ANP BNP CNP urodilatin |
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Role of natriuretic hormones in hypertension |
Helps balance electrolytes Important to balance out the retained sodium in patients with hypertension |
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DASH diet |
Rich in potassium magnesium and calcium |
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What is metabolic syndrome |
Obesity Hypertension Insulin resistance Lipoprotein abnormalities |
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Common causes of secondary hypertension |
Pheochromocytoma Renal disease Drugs |
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What is complicated hypertension |
Severe or sustained Begins to affect other organs |
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What is Pheochromocytoma how does it affect BP |
Tumor on Adrenal medulla Increases production of catecholamines which increases BP |
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Clinical manifestations of hypertension |
Usually asymptomatic until organ damage symptoms occur Angina headache decrease urinary output |
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What is white coat hypertension |
Hypertension only in healthcare facility |
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Treatment of hypertension |
Diet exercise quit smoking weight loss |
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What is orthostatic hypotension |
Significant drop in blood pressure upon standing |
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Manifestations of orthostatic hypotension |
Dizziness Fainting Lost or blurred vision |
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Why is info on orthostatic hypotension necessary for Safe Care of older people? |
Orthostatic hypotension affects one in five older adults |
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What is an aneurysm |
Localized dilation of arterial or heart wall |
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What is a berry aneurysm? |
A type of saccular aneurysm Located in cerebral artery usually Circle of Willis Can cause stroke |
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What is aortic dissection |
A partial tear in the layer of vessel wall Blood enters the tear and tears it more |
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Symptoms of aortic dissection |
Tearing pain that radiates into the back or abdomen |
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Buerger disease |
Inflammatory and autoimmune vasculitis involving peripheral arteries Compromised arterial flow to the extremities can cause ischemic ulcers |
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Raynaud phenomenon |
Imbalance of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors Vasospasm causes pain and color changes in the skin Usually fingers and toes |
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Raynaud phenomenon colors |
Always white blue red |
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Treatment of Raynaud's disease |
Use of vasodilators Treating underlying condition Avoidance of cold temperature |
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Most important treatment for buerger disease |
Stop smoking |
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Raynaud's disease is also called |
Peripheral vascular disease |
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Buerger disease is also called |
Thromboangiitis obliterans |
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Define atherosclerosis |
Narrowing of arteries caused by inflammation and deposition of lipids in arterial wall |
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Patho of atherosclerosis |
Soft deposits of fat and fiber in on vessel walls Harden over time |
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Risk factors for atherosclerosis |
Hypertension diabetes smoking dislipidemia aging |
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Unstable plaque |
Large accumulation of foam cells and only thin covering of fibrin Vulnerable to cracking and rupture |
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Claudication |
Stable plaques that partially abstract vessels in peripheral artery disease |
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Treatment of atherosclerosis |
Reducing risk factors Stop smoking and lower cholesterol |
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What is peripheral artery disease |
Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the limbs |
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Cause of peripheral artery disease |
Atherosclerosis |
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What is coronary artery disease |
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries |
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What is intermittent claudication |
Pain in the legs when walking but that is relieved with rest |
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Two categories for risk factors of coronary artery disease |
Conventional and non-traditional |
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Conventional risk factors for coronary artery disease |
Smoking and obesity |
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Non-traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease |
Markers of inflammation C-reactive protein |
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What is a stable angina |
Plaques in the coronary arteries lead to ischemia that can be transient and predictable |
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What is dyslipidemia |
Abnormal concentrations of serum lipoproteins |
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Two lipoproteins closely related to coronary artery disease |
LDL and HDL |
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C-reactive protein |
Made in the liver Nonspecific measure of systemic inflammation |
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Troponin 1 |
Measures myocardial injury |
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Leptin |
An adipokine that is increase in obesity and hypertension and diabetes |
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What is myocardial ischemia |
Decrease coronary blood supply of oxygen and nutrients Decrease coronary blood supply of oxygen and nutrients |
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Pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia |
Decrease coronary blood flow and resultant ischemia is the formation of atherosclerosis plaques in the coronary circulation |
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Prinzmetal angina |
Results from vasospasm of coronary vessels without underlying atherosclerosis Unpredictable |
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Silent myocardial ischemia |
Myocardial ischemia that does not cause detectable symptoms |
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What is acute coronary syndrome |
When a plaque in the coronary arteries is unstable it may rupture an obstructed vessel leading to heart attack |
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What is unstable angina |
Ruptured thrombus and occludes the vessel for no more than 10 to 20 minutes Results in severe ischemia but not infection |
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Why is unstable angina considered a medical emergency |
These lead to more prolonged thrombotic occlusion and infarction |
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How long can cardiac cells withstand ischemic conditions |
No more than 20 minutes |
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Clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction |
Crushing chest pain Difficulty breathing Sweating Nausea and vomiting Dizziness |
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Complications of myocardial infarction |
Arrhythmias heart failure acute pericarditis brain syndrome stroke sudden death |
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What cardiac markers indicate infarction |
Troponin 1 CK-MB LDH-1 AST |
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What are the three major pericardial disorders |
Acute pericarditis pericardial effusion constrictive pericarditis |
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Manifestations of acute pericarditis |
Chest pain that worsens with respiratory movement or laying down Low grade fever Sinus tach |
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Regurgitation |
Closure problem |
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Stenosis |
Opening problem Creates a problem behind the valve |
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What valves are affected by stenosis and regurgitation |
Aortic and mitral |
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What is the name of the inflammatory disease that causes stenosis |
Rheumatic fever rheumatic heart disease |
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What is mitral valve prolapse |
Autosomal dominant Mitral valve bulges up during ventricular ejection |
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Signs and symptoms of mitral valve prolapse |
Palpitations Chest discomfort Dizziness Fatigue Anxiety Panic attacks |
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Describe systolic left heart failure |
Heart cannot pump out all the blood Causes pulmonary vascular congestion Inadequate perfusion of circulation |
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Manifestations of systolic left heart failure |
Cough up pink frothy sputum Crackles Dyspnea Cyanosis |
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causes of Right heart failure |
Usually caused by left heart failure Lung disease Pulmonary emboli Heart attack |
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High output heart failure |
Inability to supply adequate oxygen and nutrients despite adequate heart function and blood volume |
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Manifestations of systolic left heart failure |
Changes in heart structure Pulmonary congestion Vital organ underperfusion |
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Confirmation of systolic left heart failure |
Chest x-ray can confirm cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema |
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Diastolic left heart failure |
Filling problem Left ventricle cannot fill all the way, decreases cardiac output |
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Cause of diastolic left heart failure |
Hypertension with hypertrophy of left ventricle Left ventricle becomes stiff and cannot relax enough to fill |
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Symptoms of diastolic left heart failure |
Dyspnea with exertion |
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Common causes of high output heart failure |
Anemia Septicemia Hyperthyroidism Beriberi |
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Hypovolemic shock |
Lack of adequate blood |
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Cardiogenic shock |
Inability to generate adequate cardiac output |
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Distributive shock |
Cannot maintain normal peripheral vascular resistance Includes: Neurogenic Septic Anaphylactic |
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2 results of all types of shock |
Underperfusion and impairment of cellular metabolism |
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Neurogenic shock occurs when |
Injury to brain or spinal cord results in a loss of sympathetic stimulation |
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Anaphylactic shock occurs in response to |
Allergic reactions |
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Septic shock results from |
Bacterial infection spreads to the blood Causes massive vasodilation Causes multiple organ dysfunction |
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Manifestations of septic shock |
Evidence of infection Warm and sweaty Massive vasodilation |
