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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 6 intrinsic etiological factors of disease?
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age, gender, complexion, genetics, congenital, and nutritional defects
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what are the two subdivisions of extrinsic etiological factors? Give examples for each.
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1. inanimate factors(physical trauma or extreme temperature)
2. animate factors(bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects) |
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Duration(definition and examples)
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the time period for which one has been exposes to an etiological factor(enough time spent out in the sun to develop melanomas)
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Dose
(definition and example) |
the quantity or how much of an etiological agent one is exposed to(the difference of the sun in january and the sun in july in reference to amount of UV)
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Location(definition and example)
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the area of the body which is affected by the etiological factor( tuberculosis is normally throughout the lymphatics, but is normally recognized in the lungs because they are most sensitive)
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Extent
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the amount of the body that is involved in the disease process brough upon by the etiological factor(localized infection of skin vs. a systemic infection overriding the entire body)
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Quality
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the virulence associated with the etiological agent(an attenuated virus or its antigenic determinant as a vaccine vs. a live unattenuated virus)
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pathogenesis
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the process or development of a disease from its inception to its termination
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lesion
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the effects of disease on an organism. that being any detrimental change to form, chemical activity or composition, or function of the cell. Can be biochemical, physiological, or morphological.
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Latent Period
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period from exposure to the etiological factor up to the occurrence of first symptoms
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Prodromal period(Prodrome)
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the appearance of the first signs of disease, often non-specific sign(head-aches, nausea)
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Acute Phase(Manifest Illness)
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period of disease where the signs, in there full intensity, characteristic of that disease entity, are clearly manifest.
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Convalescence
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stage of recovery and elimination of the etiological factor, or of resolution and healing. often associated with sequela and complications.
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sequela
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after effects of a disease process(scarring)
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complications
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other difficulties or illnesses that are secondary to, but are an indirect result of the original disease process(secondary infections in the case of immunocomprimised)
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Reversible Consequences of Ischemia/Hypoxia
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1. reduced ATP production
2. reliance on glycolysis(lowers pH) 3. reduced Na/K pump activity(accumulation of intracellular solutes and increased osmosis --> cell swelling) 4. reduced protein synthesis |
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Irreversible Consequences of Ischemia/Hypoxia
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1. increased Ca uptake due to ATP depletion
2. decrease in membrane phospholipids 3. cytoskeletal damage due to Ca-dependent proteases(calpains and caspases) 4. generation of Oxygen radicals 5. production of lipid metabolites that have a detergent affect 6. loss of protective amino acids |
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What are the 4 initiators of free radical generation?
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1. hydrolysis of H20 by ionizing radiation(UV) into OH and H
2. enzymatic biotransformation of exogenous chemicals or drugs 3. redox reactions of aerobic respiration generate O2 and H2O2 4. transition metals(fe and Cu) |
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What are the three effects of free radicals on the cell?
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1. Lipid peroxidation of the membrane.
2. Oxidation of amino acid residues and formation of cross links, as well a protein fragmentation. 3. Induction of single strand break of DNA that involve thymine. |
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What are the body's defense mechanisms against free radicals?
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1. antioxidants(vitamins A, E, & C and glutathione)
2. binding of reactive metals with transferrin, ferritin, lactoferrin, and ceruloplasmin. 3. scavenging enzymes(catalase, super-oxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase) |
