Patho - Lecture 1 (Introduction Health And Disease)

Front 1

Health:

Back 1

a state of complete physical,mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease (WHO)

Front 2

Homeostasis:

Back 2

all cells, tissues, organs, and
systems work to maintain equilibrium

Homeostasis ex. Body temperature regulation

Front 3

Disease:

Back 3

– disturbance in homeostasis
– a state of functional disequilibrium
– a change in structure or function that is
considered to be abnormal

Front 4

Pathophysiology:

Pathology:

Back 4

Pathophysiology: study of the physiological
processes leading up to disease

Pathology: study of disease in general

Front 5

Signs:

Back 5

• Signs: objective evidence of disease observed on
physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or
respiratory rate, fever, sweating and pallor.

Sign: Its objective and can be measured. Heart rate is an example.

High Blood Pressure
Decreased Oxygenation

Front 6

Symptoms:

Back 6

• Symptoms: subjective indications of disease reported
by the patient, such as pain, dizziness and itching.

Symptom: Subjective and is harder to be measured. Pain is an example.

Dizziness
Shortness of Breath
Nausea and Vomiting

Front 7

Diagnosis

Back 7

• Determine nature of a disease
and cause of a patient’s illness
• Includes signs and symptoms
• Syndrome – signs and
symptoms occur concurrently

• Provides basis for treatment
• Principals of a diagnosis:
– Clinical history
– Physical examination
– Differential diagnosis = objective evidence of
disease

Front 8

Clinical History

Back 8

1. History of current illness
– Severity, time of onset, symptoms

2.Medical history
– General health, previous illness

3. Family history
– Health of relatives, diseases in the family

4. Social history
– Occupation, habits, general health, stress level

5. Review of symptoms
– Symptoms other than those disclosed in history of present illness,
other affected body parts

Front 9

Physical Examination

Back 9

Systematic examination of patient, with emphasis on parts of
body affected by illness

Abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history

Front 10

Differential Diagnosis

Back 10

• Consideration of various diseases or
conditions that may also explain patient’s
symptoms and signs
• Diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected
laboratory tests or other diagnostic
procedures
• Opinion of medical consultant may be sought

Objective measures that are used to make a diagnosis

Front 11

• urinalysis

Back 11

Urinalysis: Extra glucose = diabetes
Estrogen and progesterone can be monitored through the urine as well

Front 12

• blood chemistry

Back 12

Blood: hemoglobin levels, iron deficiencies

Front 13

• electrocardiography

Back 13

ECG: measure the electrical activity of the heart (depolarization and repolarization of the different nodes of the heart), used for monitoring arrhythmias, VO2 max test: what happens to the athlete's heart when they are pushed to the max

Front 14

Radiography

Back 14

Radiograph is a full approach

Front 15

• CT scans

Back 15

CT scan: see structures in particular areas and view images in slices

Front 16

MRI:

Back 16

MRI: cross sections with a main focus on the tissues

Front 17

Ultrasound:

Back 17

Ultrasound: using sound waves in order to create images

Front 18

PET:

Back 18

PET: positron emission technology. Ingest a radio nucleotide, plus a PET scan and CT scan (at time), gamma rays are exhibited from the nucleotide that is consumed. The highlight regions indicate the more highly metabolically active tissues and organs

Front 19

• Cytologic and histologic examinations

Back 19

Looking at cell cultures (ex. Typical to a pap smear)

Front 20

Prognosis:

Back 20

• Prognosis: the predicted course and outcome
of the disease
– State the chances for complete recovery
– Predict the permanent loss of function
– Probability of survival

Front 21

Acute Disease:

Back 21

• Acute Disease: Quick onset, short duration,
– e.g., influenza,measles, and the common cold

Front 22

• Chronic Disease:

Back 22

• Chronic Disease: A diseasemay begin
insidiously and be long-lived
– e.g., arthritis, hypertension

Front 23

Terminal Disease:

Back 23

• Terminal Disease: A disease that will end in
death

Front 24

• Remission

Back 24

• Remission
– Signs and symptoms subside

Front 25

• Exacerbation

Back 25

• Exacerbation
– Recur in all severity

Exacerbation: becomes more progressive and more aggressive, it comes back
This can be related to smokers as well although that is more of a behaviour issue

Front 26

• Relapse

Back 26

• Relapse
– Returns weeks or months later

Front 27

• Complications:

Back 27

• Complications: Diseases from diseases
– e.g., kidney failure secondary to diabetes

Front 28

• Sequela:

Back 28

• Sequela: Aftermath of disease
– e.g., paralysis following polio

Front 29

• Mortality:

Back 29

• Mortality: Measure of death attributed to
disease

Front 30

• Morbidity:

Back 30

• Morbidity: Measure of disability

Front 31

Causes of Death (Top 4)

Back 31

Heart Disease
Cancer
Stroke
Chronic Lower respiratory disease

Front 32

Etiology:

Back 32

Etiology: how does a disease come about

Front 33

Idiopathic:

Back 33

Idiopathic: you are unsure what is happening

Front 34

Major Causes of Disease

Back 34

Inflammation/autoimmunity/ allergy
Infection
Neoplasm
Heredity
Malnutrition
Stress

Front 35

Risk Factors

Back 35

• Predispose an individual to the development of a
disease.
• A risk factor is not equivalent to a cause.

Risk factor means you are more likely to have the disease but it does that mean that you will 100% get the disease. Ex. Smoking does mean that you will definitely get lung cancer

Front 36

Risk Factors Examples

Back 36

• May be
• Environmental (e.g. pollution)
• Chemical (e.g. pesticides)
• Physiological (e.g. high cholesterol)
• Psychological (e.g. addiction)
• Genetic (e.g. BRCA 1)

Front 37

Treatment of Disease

Back 37

• Includes procedures for the cure or reduction of
symptoms.
• Depends on the nature of the disease, characteristics
of the patient, and goals of the patient and physician.
• Not all diseases are curable.