Patho Immunity Aids

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Body defense 2 types:

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1)immunity 2) inflammation.

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Immunity is capably of 2 things:

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1) recognition of foreign material meaning anything that is out of place is the ability to interact with it and 2) phagocytosis- ingesting and removing the material

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phagocytes are called ______in the tissue and are called ______in the blood. Neutrophils are also phagocytes. Microglia -In the neural tissue

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macrophages, monocytes

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Immune system cells are all products of lymphoid tissue. lymphoid tissue is in the following places

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1) nodes 2) lining of respiratory and digestive tract 3) tonsils 4) spleen 5) marrow channels of the bone.

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Lymph nodules are clusters of _______

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lymphocytes-the white creamy stuff on tonsils is white blood cells or lymphoid tissue.

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there are two kinds of lymphocytes (in a reg. Microscope they look the same)

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1)B-lymphocytes and 2)T-lymphocytes

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antigen is a molecule that allows recognition of ______material 2 characteristics 1- has to be a molecule not encountered by the immune system in embryonic develop 2- they are large molecules( have a high molecular weight) so it's usually a protein largeness is related to Uniqueness. Why would they be large?

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Foreign, we tend to have small molecules in common w/each other but the larger they are the more unique.

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B-lymphocytes produced a humeral response meaning what?whereas T-cells which is cell mediated meaning what?

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B: it's something in the all body fluids T: they needed an actual cell to produce the reaction not just the fluid.

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if a person gets a transplant they need immunosuppressants for ______

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rest of life. Immunosup walk a fine line: enough to accept transplant but not too much so you can fight off other illnesses.

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When a B cell encounters an antigen it 1) gets_____ (or activated B cell) aka: plasma cell. [the difference from a small B cell and a large a B cell is lots of rough endoplasmic reticulum w/ ribosomes which secrete proteins] 2)produces ______ cells so that it will remember that antigen.

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Enlarged, memory or Ig

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the protein that is produced as a result of antigen exposure is an_______. Specific Ig's are called_______.

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Immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies

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immunoglobulin (Ig) specific Ig is called?

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antibodies

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the structure of Ig is Y shaped. It is a _____protein

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glycoprotein

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the top tips of the Y are the _______sites aka: variable sites. (this is the part that recognizes and interacts w/the antigen) like Lock and key. Both sites recognize the same antigen. The base of the Y is______ and interacts w/ other physiologic systems.

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Recognition, constant

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If we are exposed to an antigen the plasma cell that comes into contact w/ that antigen is going to release these into the ECF, so it's in the body fluids or _____

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humors.

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what are the (re-)actions we get as a result of having these antibodies. 1- direct actions result of formation of immune complexes aka antigen/antibody complex (lock/key combo). 3 subtypes. Name them

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a) agglutination-clumps b) precipitation particles. How is this useful? If the particles settle then the Macrophages can get at it. c) neutralization of toxins

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what is the problem w/direct action of antibodies?

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we need as many antibodies as we have of antigens and that's not realistic, so it's weak and not so powerful.

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Indirect actions of having antibodies-methods of amplifying the antibody so it's very powerful. 1-opsination -is what? 2-activates complement system-which means?3-activates inflammatory response.

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1) 1-opsination- stims/enhances phagocytosis inducing a feeding frenzy so you only need a few antibodies to produce good results 2- complement system is a cascade of plasma proteins that produce defense responses

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MAGDElaine (a girl's name):· Magdelaine tells you the order they usually appear

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M first, then A or G. as well as that IgM isIMmediate. M stays w/ mother, G goes w/ baby so it's the greatest %.

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IgG

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80% of circulating Ig's and responsible for most of the actions.

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IgA

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secretory Ig's in tears, sweat, oils, saliva

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IgM

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antibodies of the initial response to the antigen-1st exposure to a foreign material U make these

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IgE

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the communicator to the inflammatory reaction. They cause inflammation, allergic response, parasite infections.

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IgD

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probably causes lymphocyte reproduction to speed up when U R exposed to antigen

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cell mediated immunity is the result/action of the which B or T-cells?

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T-Cells (lymphocytes)

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The actions are related to T-Cell subtypes. 1) Cytotoxic T-Cell (Tc cells). which do what? 1A: Natural killer T cells are similar to Tc cells but lack antigen receptors. 2) Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction (Td cells) which do what? 3)T-helper cells (Th) do what? 4) Ts cell-Suppressor T-cells do what?

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1)Tc/killer T-cells -release toxic chemicals to destroy tumor or virus infected cells. 2) cell comes into contact w/the antigen and does 2 things: stims inflammation and activates macrophages, 24-72 hrs hence delayed. 3) Helper T-facilitate both humeral and cell-mediated immunity. Needed to have normal action of T and B lymphocytes. 4) They suppress immune reactions: they keep immune reactions from over doing it.

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HIV attaches to cell, inserts itself into RNA, and then makes more of the virus. The HIV it joins w/ helper T lymphocytes and destroys the Th cells, eventually

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they don't have enough Th cells and develop AIDS.

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Inflammation is involved in practically every disease we will encounter. S&S: 1) redness from what? 2) swelling 3) hot from what? 4) pain 5) loss of function

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increased blood flow

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acquired (adaptive) immunity aka:

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the immune response

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Active acquired immunity is produced by an indiv. after either natural exposure to an antigen or after_____ whereas passive acquired immunity doesn't involve the hosts immune response at all rather: the antibodies or T cells are transferred from___to _______

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immunization donor to recipient

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Allergen is an _____ that causes an allergic response.

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antigen

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antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity refers to a killer T-Cell ( ) ability to kill cells but is dependent on an _____not an_____.

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antibody antigen

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antigen presentation phagocytes present ______ _____on the cell surface.

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antigenic fragments

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antigen processing refers to process by which antigens are …....

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broken up and linked w/ appropriate molecules.

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antigen-binding fragment (fab) is the ____ of the Y shaped antibody.

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tips

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antigen-binding site (paratope) is the site of binding on the _____.

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antibody

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antigenic determinant epitope is the part of the _____ that is recognized by the _____.

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antigen, antibody.

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B cell receptor an antibody on the surface of the B-cell to serve as an antigen receptor. Its role is recognize the ______and communicate that info to the _____

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antigen, nucleus.

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CD molecule is cluster of _______.

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differentiation.

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class switch is the process that results in the change in antibody production from ____ to ____during the primary immune response.

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IgM to IgG

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clonal selection is the 2nd phase of immunity and is the process by which an …....

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antigen must be presented to immune cells.

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complementary determining region a region of varying Amino acids on the ____

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Fab.

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crystalline fragment Fc the stem of the Y shaped _____

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antibody.

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generation of clonal diversity is that the sum of the pop. Of lymphocytes can do what?

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recognize millions of antigens.

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Hapten

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s are antigens that are too small to be immunogens but become what?

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human bursal equivalent bone marrow that serves as the _____ lymphoid organ for __-cell development.

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Primary, B-cell

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Immunogen is an antigen that will produce what?

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An immune response.

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lymphoid stem cell- a cell in the primary lymphoid organ that will become what type of cell?

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B and T cell lymphocytes.

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lymphokine- producing cell secrete _____that activate other cells eg. Macrophages.

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cytokines

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major histocompatibility complex molecules that are glycoproteins found on surface of all cells except ____, and play a role in antigen presentation.

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RBC

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memory cell both humeral and cell-mediated immunity produce memory cells. Which do what?

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Remember the antigen.

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monoclonal antibody is produced in a lab and is a ____.

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clone

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primary immune response is the 1st time the body encounters and antigen. What 2 Ig's are involved?

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IgM, IgG.

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regulatory T-cell (Treg) are the T-helper and T-suppressor which ____ the immune response.

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control

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secondary immune response is the 2nd time a body sees an antigen and is which? Faster or slower than primary?

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faster

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secretory immune system protects the ____ ______ of the body.

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External surfaces

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certain diseases are produced by superantigens which cause an overproduction of cytokines and results in systemic ______.

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inflammation

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titer is the level of what in the blood?

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Antibodies.

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AIDS is characterized by the gradual destruction of, (what cell immunity?) ____. In particular HIV strikes the ____-_ cell bearing the CD4+ antigen which is normally a receptor for major histocompatibility Complex molecules.

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T-cell immunity, Helper T-cell

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because AIDS targets the CD4 cells that play a central role in immune reactions, AIDS also affects other types of immunity: _____immunity-when foreign subs. Invade the body and ________-when immune cells mistake the body's own cells as invaders and attack them.

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Humoral, Autoimmunity

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The resulting deficiency in immunity makes the pt. Susceptible to _____infections, cancers, and other abnormalities that characterize AIDS.

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opportunistic

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HIV life cycle. Step 1: HIV binds to what cell? Step 2) viral RNA is released into what cell? Step 3) RNA is reversed transcribed into what? . Step 4) Viral DNA hijacks T-cells nucleus, inserts itself and forces the T-Cell to make what instead of what? An enzyme called protease helps make the new virus particles. Step 5) the new HIV virus is _____from the T-cell and can _____other cells.

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1)T-cell. 2) host cell. 3) DNA 4) virus copies instead of normal cell parts. 5) released, infect

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HIV infection leads to profound pathology, either _____ thru destruction of CD4+ cells, other immune cells and neuroglial cells or ____thru 2ndary effects of T-cell dysfunction resulting in ___________.

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direct, indirect, immunosuppression.

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the HIV infectious process takes 3 forms:

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1) immunodeficiency 2) autoimmunity, and neurologic dysfunction.

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risk factors for AIDS

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sharing needles, sexual contact with HIV infected person. Occupations involving increase risk of exposure to contaminated blood and body fluids.

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short term memory loss, persistent headaches, high fever, confusion, seizures, oral infections, difficulty or pain w/ swallowing, loss of appetite, cough, shortness of breath, swollen lymph nodes, persistent rash/flaky skin. Severe wt. Loss, chronic diarrhea, lack of energy and muscle weakness are signs and Symptoms of what illness?

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AIDS

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stages of HIV

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1)infection acute=primary 2) asymptomatic=latency 3&4) symptomatic & advanced=overt AIDS

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Overt AIDS Presence of

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one or more conditions: Category A: generalized lymph node enlargement, Category B: candidiasis (vulva or throat), fever or diarrhea > than one month, PID, peripheral neuropathy, Category C: Kaposi’s sarcoma, wasting syndrome, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Herpes, TB, etc.

Front 69

Pick which Stage of HIV infection. 1) acute stage 2) asymptomatic 3) symptomatic 4) Advanced HIV for: massive virus replication, patient may have flu-like symptoms.

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Acute

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Pick which Stage of HIV infection. 1) acute stage 2) asymptomatic 3) symptomatic 4) Advanced HIV for: no chronic s&s. T-cell count is used to monitor progression.

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Asymptomatic

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Pick which Stage of HIV infection. 1) acute stage 2) asymptomatic 3) symptomatic 4) Advanced HIV for: This stage has 2 phases: early and late. Emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers. T-cell count less than 200.

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Symptomatic

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Pick which Stage of HIV infection. 1) acute stage 2) asymptomatic 3) symptomatic 4) Advanced HIV for: T-cell count is 50 or less. High risk for opportunistic infections.

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Advanced.

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Treatment for AIDS is a combination of drug therapy termed Highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART) which means what?

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Three drug combination (or more) consisting of a PI and two NNRTIs and/or NRTIs

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5 types of antiretrovirals: 1)Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NRTI's ex. AZT, 2) protease inhibitors. 3) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NNRTI's. 4) entrance inhibitors 5) integrase inhibitors What do each of these do?

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1) inhibits reverse transcription 2) target viral assembly 3) inhibits reverse transcription via by binding to enzyme 4)interfere w/ binding 5) inhibits the enzyme that integrates viral DNA into host DNA.

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HIV is an enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) retrovirus carrying its genetic material in where?

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RNA rather than DNA

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opportunistic infections include

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TB, candidiasis (fungal) Cryptococcosis (fungal)Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (fungal) Cryptosporidiosis (protozoan), Toxoplasmosis (protozoan)-uncooked meat and cat feces Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (demyelinating disorder d/t JC virus [JCV]), Kaposi’s sarcoma, Malignant lymphomas.

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S/E: name the type of antiretroviral. 1) Hair loss, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, diarrhea, muscle loss, appetite loss, facial wasting 2)Anxiety, insomnia, kidney stones, nausea, elevated liver enzymes 3)-Fatigue, headache, rash, confusion, anxiety, depression, paranoia, elevated liver enzymes 4) Pneumonia, allergic reactions, injection site reactions, as well as pancreatic problems, muscle pain or weakness, depression, insomnia

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1) NRTIs 2)PIs 3)NNRTIs 4)Entry Inhibitors